Genome-Wide Identification, Evolutionary Analysis, and Expression Patterns of Cathepsin Superfamily in Black Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) following Aeromonas salmonicida Infection

Abstract

Cathepsins are lysosomal cysteine proteases belonging to the papain family and play crucial roles in intracellular protein degradation/turnover, hormone maturation, antigen processing, and immune responses. In the present study, 18 cathepsins were systematically identified from the fish S. schlegelii genome. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that cathepsin superfamilies are categorized into eleven major clusters. Synteny and genome organization analysis revealed that whole-genome duplication led to the expansion of S. schlegelii cathepsins. Evolutionary rate analyses indicated that the lowest Ka/Ks ratios were observed in CTSBa (0.13) and CTSBb (0.14), and the highest Ka/Ks ratios were observed in CTSZa (1.97) and CTSZb (1.75). In addition, cathepsins were ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues, with high expression levels observed in the gill, intestine, head kidney, and spleen. Additionally, most cathepsins were differentially expressed in the head kidney, gill, spleen, and liver following Aeromonas salmonicida infection, and their expression signatures showed tissue-specific and time-dependent patterns. Finally, protein–protein interaction network (PPI) analyses revealed that cathepsins are closely related to a few immune-related genes, such as interleukins, chemokines, and TLR genes. These results are expected to be valuable for comparative immunological studies and provide insights for further functional characterization of cathepsins in fish species.

Genome-Wide Identification of Trachinotus ovatus Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Immune Response against Two Pathogen Challenges

“…Notably, this study found that the antimicrobial peptide gene formed homologous gene pairs with other unnamed genes. This possibly suggests its synergistic participation in biological functions, such as antimicrobial immunity, signal transduction, and resistance to abiotic stress, with genes that have similar biological functions [54,55]. However, the results revealed that the copy number formed by replication events did not correlate directly with the formation of gene pairs, which might have been related to the complexity of the gene family.…”

Vegetable omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids differentially modulate the antiviral and antibacterial immune responses of Atlantic salmon

“…A suite of previously identified A. salmonicida -responsive genes 23 – 27 involved in bacterial pathogen recognition (i.e., tlr5 s) 28 , pro-inflammatory signaling (i.e., il1b and cox2 ) 29 , 30 , neutrophil recruitment (i.e., lect2 , cxcl8 ) 31 , antimicrobial defense (i.e., lyz2 , camp , hamp ) 32 – 34 , immune/stress response regulation ( junb ) 35 , and protein degradation (i.e., ctsl ) 26 were grouped in Cluster 1 and were largely induced by Asal at 6 and/or 24 hpi.…”