Genome‐wide Identification and Structural Analysis of Pyrophosphatase Gene Family in Cotton

Abstract

Pyrophosphatase is a hydrolytic enzyme that utilizes pyrophosphate as a substrate. H+‐PPase, an important proton pump on the vacuolar membrane, plays an important role in regulating cell expansion, H+ electrochemical gradient, and secondary active transport of inorganic ions, organic acids and saccharides. Under low temperature, drought, high NaCl concentration, and hypoxia, H+‐PPase gene expression is promoted to maintain the intracellular balance and enhance the ability of stress resistance in plants. The GhVP gene family is a class of H+‐PPase genes in Gossypium hirsutum L. The present study identified 13 H+‐PPase genes from diploid Gossypium raimondii Ulbrich (genome D) and Gossypium arboreum L. (genome A), and analyzed their genetic structures and systematic evolution. The 13 H+‐PPase genes, including six and seven from diploid G. arboreum and G. raimondii, respectively, were obtained with GhVP as a reference. The H+‐PPase genes belong to a relatively conserved family in plant evolution. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the genes of the same species showed high sequence similarities and relatively close genetic relationships. Gene structural analysis indicated that most of the H+‐PPase genes had 7–8 exons, with a few having a variable number (1–14) of exons. By analyzing the conserved domain, the H+‐PPase genes showed several relatively conserved structural domains, such as a myristyl site, casein kinase site II, and protein kinase phosphorylation site. These findings provide a basis for the further characterization of the H+‐PPase gene function in cotton. Analysis by qRT‐PCR showed that a different expression level of gene members in the V‐PPase family existed in different tissues; for example, gene expression was highest in leaves and lowest in fibers to suggest that V‐PPase expression is tissue‐specific. Moreover, with the salt stress intensity increasing, the changes of expression level of the V‐PPase genes were different.

VvVHP1; 2 Is Transcriptionally Activated by VvMYBA1 and Promotes Anthocyanin Accumulation of Grape Berry Skins via Glucose Signal

“…The differences in amino acid sequence and subcellular location suggested different biological roles of the two types of VHPs. In contrast, amino acid sequences of different VHP1s are highly conserved in grape ( Figure 1A ), Arabidopsis , tobacco, rice and other species ( Zhao et al, 2016 ). However, the different expression patterns of VvVHP1;1 , VvVHP1; 2 , and VvVHP1;3 in roots, stems, leaves and fruits as well as under ABA and UVB treatments suggested their diverse functions.…”

“…The number of VHP1 and VHP2 isoforms varies among different species. Three VvVHP1s and one VvVHP2 were identified at the whole genome level in grape ( Figure 1A ); in contrast, two VHP1s and one VHP2 were identified in cucumber ( Kabała et al, 2014 ), one AtVHP1 (also called AVP1 ) and two AtVHP2 s in Arabidopsis ( Segami et al, 2010 ), and 13 VHPs in cotton ( Zhao et al, 2016 ). The difference in VHP number might result from the different copying rates of the whole genome and the duplication rates of VHP in evolutionary history ( Zhao et al, 2016 ).…”

“…Three VvVHP1s and one VvVHP2 were identified at the whole genome level in grape ( Figure 1A ); in contrast, two VHP1s and one VHP2 were identified in cucumber ( Kabała et al, 2014 ), one AtVHP1 (also called AVP1 ) and two AtVHP2 s in Arabidopsis ( Segami et al, 2010 ), and 13 VHPs in cotton ( Zhao et al, 2016 ). The difference in VHP number might result from the different copying rates of the whole genome and the duplication rates of VHP in evolutionary history ( Zhao et al, 2016 ). Amino acid sequences between type I and II VHPs share low sequence similarities in Arabidopsis ( Drozdowicz et al, 2000 ), cotton ( Zhao et al, 2016 ), cucumber ( Kabała et al, 2014 ) and grape ( Figure 1B ); less than 36% sequence identity was shared by AVP1 and AVP2 ( Drozdowicz et al, 2000 ).…”

“…The difference in VHP number might result from the different copying rates of the whole genome and the duplication rates of VHP in evolutionary history ( Zhao et al, 2016 ). Amino acid sequences between type I and II VHPs share low sequence similarities in Arabidopsis ( Drozdowicz et al, 2000 ), cotton ( Zhao et al, 2016 ), cucumber ( Kabała et al, 2014 ) and grape ( Figure 1B ); less than 36% sequence identity was shared by AVP1 and AVP2 ( Drozdowicz et al, 2000 ). Additionally, it is well known that Arabidopsis AVP1 exists primarily in the tonoplast, while AVP2 is localized to the Golgi apparatus and the trans-Golgi network and is absent in the tonoplast ( Segami et al, 2010 ).…”

Cloning of SjCA gene and its expression analysis on upland cottons

“…As an important pioneer and cash crop, cotton is one of the most appropriate plants for cultivation on saline-alkali soil. Consequently, the improvement of cotton salt tolerance by gene engineering and transgenic technology has been an urgent task and major direction of cotton breeding [1] .…”