Genome-wide identification and analysis of ACP gene family in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

Abstract

Background Acyl carrier proteins (ACP) constitute a very conserved carrier protein family. Previous studies have found that ACP not only takes part in the fatty acid synthesis process of almost all organisms, but also participates in the regulation of plant growth, development, and metabolism, and makes plants adaptable to stresses. However, this gene family has not been systematically studied in sorghum. Results Nine ACP family members were identified in the sorghum genome, which were located on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 7, 8 and 9, respectively. Evolutionary analysis among different species divided the ACP family into four subfamilies, showing that the SbACPs were more closely related to maize. The prediction results of subcellular localization showed that SbACPs were mainly distributed in chloroplasts and mitochondria, while fluorescence localization showed that SbACPs were mainly localized in chloroplasts in tobacco leaf. The analysis of gene structure revealed a relatively simple genetic structure, that there were 1–3 introns in the sorghum ACP family, and the gene structure within the same subfamily had high similarity. The amplification method of SbACPs was mainly large fragment replication, and SbACPs were more closely related to ACPs in maize and rice. In addition, three-dimensional structure analysis showed that all ACP genes in sorghum contained four α helices, and the second helix structure was more conserved, implying a key role in function. Cis-acting element analysis indicated that the SbACPs might be involved in light response, plant growth and development regulation, biotic and abiotic stress response, plant hormone regulation, and other physiological processes. What’s more, qRT-PCR analysis uncovered that some of SbACPs might be involved in the adaptive regulation of drought and salt stresses, indicating the close relationship between fatty acids and the resistance to abiotic stresses in sorghum. Conclusions In summary, these results showed a comprehensive overview of the SbACPs and provided a theoretical basis for further studies on the biological functions of SbACPs in sorghum growth, development and abiotic stress responses.

Identification, Evolutionary Dynamics, and Gene Expression Patterns of the ACP Gene Family in Responding to Salt Stress in Brassica Genus

“…They play a crucial role in the direct synthesis pathway of long-chain fatty acids and also have significant involvement in other cellular metabolic processes [30,31]. To date, numerous studies have focused on identifying and analyzing ACP family proteins in various plant species [16,[32][33][34], but there is a lack of research on the function and potential role of ACP gene families, specifically in Brassica. It is worth noting that the genomes of six Brassica species have already been sequenced and assembled [20][21][22][23][24][25].…”

“…In the presence of salt stress, the atacp5 mutant displays increased sensitivity compared to that of the wild type, while overexpression of AtACP5 enhances salt stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. Moreover, recent studies have identified certain SbACP (ACP in Sorghum bicolor) genes that contribute to drought and salt stress tolerance [16].…”

Drought stress-induced the formation of heteromorphic leaves of Populus euphratica Oliv: evidence from gene transcriptome

“…Previous studies have suggested that ACP may be involved in various biological processes in response to environmental stress ( de Silva et al., 1990 ). For example, the expression of SbACP9 is up-regulated within 6-24 hours of water-deficient treatment in rice, showing a rapid and sustained response to drought stress ( Ge et al., 2022 ). In this study, ACP enzymes exhibited the promoting activity in all three heteromorphic leaves of P. euphoretic, indicating that ACP may play an important role in attenuating the effects of abiotic stress through leaf morphological changes.…”

Identification and characterization of ACR gene family in maize for salt stress tolerance

“…Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was conducted in triplicate for each sample using ChamQ SYBR qPCR Master Mix (Low ROX Premixed) (Vazyme, Nanjing, China). The gene-specific primers for qRT-PCR listed in Supplementary Table S1 were used to amplify ZmACR genes by PCR under the following conditions: predenaturation at 95°C for 30 s, denaturation at 95°C for 10 s, annealing at 60°C for 30 s, and 40 cycles ( Ge et al., 2022 ). An ABI 7500 FAST Real-Time PCR System was used for qRT-PCR.…”