Genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies AC9 as a key regulator of ER Ca²⁺homeostasis involved in neuronal differentiation

Abstract

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal cellular physiological functions. Its disturbance is strongly linked to the onset and progression of human diseases, including cancer, developmental defects, and neurodegenerative disorders. The lack of sensitive ratiometric ER Ca2+indicators, nevertheless, hinders systematic investigation of ER Ca2+modulators and the underlying mechanisms. Capitalizing on two ultra-sensitive ER Ca2+indicators and CRISPR-based genome-wide screening, we identified a set of proteins capable of reducing the ER Ca2+content. Further comparative analysis and qPCR validation pinpointed adenylate cyclase 9 (AC9), which is upregulated during neuronal differentiation, as a key ER-Ca2+-reducing regulator. Mechanistically, AC9-mediated production of cAMP is not essential for its ability to reduce ER Ca2+ content. Instead, AC9 inhibits store operated calcium entry (SOCE) by acting on Orai1, ultimately causing attenuation of ER Ca2+level. More physiologically relevant, upregulation of AC9 in neurons is essential for reducing ER Ca2+levels duringDrosophilabrain development. Collectively, this study lays a solid groundwork for further in-depth exploration of the regulatory mechanisms dictating ER Ca2+homeostasis during neuronal differentiation and brain development.