“…Since the introduction of PheWAS over a decade ago, it has become a powerful technique to study the association of genetic variants and phenotypic variations across human populations (Bastarache, et al, 2022; Denny, et al, 2010). A PubMed search in December 2023, using the search terms of “PheWAS” or “phenome-wide association” in Title/Abstract field, returned 679 publications, from only 3 publications in 2010 to 159 publications in 2023, conducted in many biobanks and countries, including All of Us (United States), UK Biobank, BioBank Japan, and many others (Dofuku, et al, 2023; Millwood, et al, 2016; Rao, et al, 2018; Schlueter, et al, 2023). PheWAS has been used to address different scientific objectives, such as refining results in conjunction with genome-wide association studies (GWAS), studying comorbidities and precision subsets of disease, and evaluating potential repurposing of medications and predicting adverse drug reactions (Bastarache, et al, 2022).…”