Genome-wide association study of appendicular lean mass in UK Biobank cohort

Abstract

Lean body mass (LBM), an important physiological measure, has a strong genetic determination. To clarify its genetic basis, a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) of appendicular lean mass (ALM) was conducted in 450,580 UK Biobank subjects. A total of 717 variants (p<5×10−9) from 561 loci were identified, which were replicated across genders (achieving p<5×10−5 in both genders). The identified variants explained ~11% phenotypic variance, accounting for one quarter of the total ~40% GWAS-attributable heritability. The identified variants were enriched in gene sets related to musculoskeletal and connective tissue development. Of interest are several genes, including ADAMTS3, PAM, SMAD3 and MEF2C, that either contain multiple significant variants or serve as the hub genes of the associated gene sets. Polygenic score prediction based on the associated variants was able to distinguish subjects of high from low ALM. Overall, our results offered significant findings on the genetic basis of lean mass through an extraordinarily large sample GWAS. The findings are important to not only lean mass per se but also other complex diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and fracture, as our Mendelian randomization analysis showed that ALM is a protective factor for these two diseases.