Genome wide analysis of the heavy-metal-associated (HMA) gene family in tomato and expression profiles under different stresses

Genome-wide identification of heavy-metal ATPases genes in Areca catechu: investigating their functionality under heavy metal exposure

“…In this study, we identified 12 AcHMA genes in Areca. The number of AcHMA genes in A.catechu genome was lower than in tomato and wheat [22,34] while almost closer to sorghum, rice and maize [21], suggesting a potential shared evolutionary or functional aspect in the context of HMA genes among these plant species. The HMA family members has been divided into several clades in different plant species based on substrate specificity and phylogenetic clustering.…”

“…Heavy metal ATPase are transmembrane transporters that play a significant role in heavy metal transportation, distribution, detoxification, and accumulation in plants [36]. Previous studies have identified the HMA gene family in various plants, including 8 in A. thaliana [37], 9 in rice (Oryza sativa L.) [38], 11 in maize (Zea mays L.) [21], 11 in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) [21], 17 in Populus trichocarpa [39], and 20 in soybean (Glycine max L.) [40], 31 in Brassica napus (B. napus) [41], 8 mulberry (Morus) [25], 21 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) [42], 14 turnip (Brassica rapa) [43], 48 tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) [34], and 27 in wheat (T. aestivum) [22]. In this study, we identified 12 AcHMA genes in Areca.…”

“…According to the Ka/Ks ratio, duplicate genes are detected under positive or negative selection (if the ratio is > 1, neutral selection is suggested, and Ka/Ks ratios of less than one offer negative or purifying selection) [34]. The divergence time of gene pairs was estimated using the synonymous mutation rate per synonymous site per year formula: T = Ks / 2x, where x = 6.56^10 − 9 (He et al, 2016).…”

“…The plantlets were divided into two groups: Control (CK) and Treatment (T), after being treated for two weeks with half-strength Hoagland's solution (pH = 6). The plantlets were treated with 100 µmol/L CdCl 2 , 100 µmol/L CuSO 4 ,100 µM ZnSO 4 [34] for 72 h to assess the expression patterns in comparison to the control group. Samples from roots and the top leaf were collected (n = 3) at four different periods (0, 12, 24, and 72 h) for each treatment, followed by quickly cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen and kept at -80 C until RNA extraction.…”

Genome-Wide identification of Heavy-metal ATPases genes in Areca catechu: Investigating their functionality under heavy metal exposure

“…and Treatment, after being treated for two weeks with half-strength Hoagland's solution (pH = 6). The plantlets were treated with 100 µmol/L CdCl 2 , 100 µmol/L CuSO 4 ,100 µM ZnSO 4 [34] for 72 hours to assess the expression patterns in comparison to the control group. Samples from both roots and the top leaf were collected (n = 3) at four different periods (0, 12, 24, and 72 hours) for each treatment, followed by quickly cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen and kept at -80 C till RNA extraction.…”