Genome Sequences of Three African Swine Fever Viruses of Genotypes IV and XX from Zaire and South Africa, Isolated from a Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), a Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), and a European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)

Ndlovu, Sambulo; Williamson, Anna‐Lise; Heath, Livio; Carulei, Olivia

doi:10.1128/mra.00341-20

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Most recently, full genome sequencing has been published for several African ASF virus isolates belonging to genotypes I, II, III, IV, VIII, IX, X, XX and XXII, derived from domestic pigs, warthog, O. moubata complex ticks and a European wild boar in South Africa. It is hoped that this technology will eventually be able to provide much more information about the molecular relationships between viruses and could possibly be linked to their biological characteristics (Bishop et al., 2015; Bisimwa, Ongus et al., 2021; de Villiers et al., 2010; Masembe et al., 2018; Ndlovu, Williamson, Heath et al., 2020; Ndlovu, Williamson, Malesa et al., 2020; Njau et al., 2021).…”

Section: Where Are We Now? (2007 To Present)mentioning

confidence: 99%

One hundred years of African swine fever in Africa: Where have we been, where are we now, where are we going?

Penrith

Kivaria²

2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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One hundred years have passed since the first paper on African swine fever (ASF) was published by Montgomery in 1921. With no vaccine, ineffectiveness of prevention and control measures and lack of common interest in eradicating the disease, ASF has proven to be one of the most devastating diseases because of its significant sanitary and socioeconomic consequences. The rapid spread of the disease on the European and Asian continents and its recent appearance in the Caribbean puts all countries at great risk because of global trade. The incidence of ASF has also increased on the African continent over the last few decades, extending its distribution far beyond the area in which the ancient sylvatic cycle is present with its complex epidemiological transmission pathways involving virus reservoirs in ticks and wild African Suidae. Both in that area and elsewhere, efficient transmission by infected domestic pigs and virus resistance in infected animal products and fomites mean that human driven factors along the pig value chain are the dominant impediments for its prevention, control and eradication. Control efforts in Africa are furthermore hampered by the lack of information about the size and location of the fast‐growing pig population, particularly in the dynamic smallholder sector that constitutes up to 90% of pig production in the region. A vaccine that will be both affordable and effective against multiple genotypes of the virus is not a short‐term reality. Therefore, a strategy for management of ASF in sub‐Saharan Africa is needed to provide a roadmap for the way forward for the continent. This review explores the progression of ASF and our knowledge of it through research over a century in Africa, our current understanding of ASF and what must be done going forward to improve the African situation and contribute to global prevention and control.

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Section: Where Are We Now? (2007 To Present)mentioning

confidence: 99%

One hundred years of African swine fever in Africa: Where have we been, where are we now, where are we going?

Penrith

Kivaria²

2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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“…Currently, the virus has been reported in 35 African countries [7,8] where it is maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving Ornithodoros soft ticks and asymptomatically infected warthogs and bush pigs. Although several molecular epidemiological reports have characterized ASFVs circulating in African countries in recent years [9][10][11], only a few studies have focused on ASFV in warthogs [12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Co-Infections of Warthogs in Namibia with African Swine Fever Virus and Porcine Parvovirus 1

Molini

Franzo

Settypalli

et al. 2022

Animals

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Understanding virus circulation in wild animals, particularly those that have contact with domestic animals, is crucial for disease management and control. In Africa, warthogs are known to be asymptomatic carriers of porcine pathogens; a recent study in Namibia has shown them to be positive for Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2). In this study, the same samples used for the PCV-2 investigation in Namibia were further screened for the presence of African swine fever virus (ASFV) and porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) by PCR. Of the 42 animals tested, 2 (4.8%) and 13 (31%) were positive for AFSV and PPV1, respectively. The two AFSV were also co-infected with PPV1. Combing the results of this study with the results of the previous PCV-2 investigation, four warthogs were shown to be co-infected with both PPV1 and PCV-2. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the AFSV belonged to genotype (Ib) but were from different serogroups. Unexpectedly, the ASFVs from the warthogs were genetically distinct to those observed in an outbreak in the same region of Namibia that occurred less than fifteen months prior to the sampling of the warthogs. In fact, a stronger genetic relationship was observed between the warthog viruses and historical Namibian and South African ASFVs identified in 1980, 2004 and 2008. For the PPV1s, the closest relative to the Namibian PPV1 were viruses identified in wild boar in Romania in 2011. This study confirms that warthogs are carriers of porcine pathogens and the data should encourage further studies on larger populations of wild and domestic swine to more fully understand the epidemiology and transmission of viral pathogens from these species.

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“…Field tests have been implemented in areas where the sylvatic cycle was present with positive results [ 28 ]. However, residual percentages of positivity in areas where Ornithodoros ticks are scarce [ 102 ] or unlikely to occur [ 44 , 127 ] suggest that cross-reactions are still occurring, and false positive results can be misleading. When a low percentage of samples are positive, it is necessary to confirm the presence of the ticks before assuming tick involvement in ASF.…”

Section: Improved Methods and Approaches For Assessing The Occurrence...mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Updated Review of Ornithodoros Ticks as Reservoirs of African Swine Fever in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar

et al. 2023

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This updated review provides an overview of the available information on Ornithodoros ticks as reservoirs and biological vectors of the ASF virus in Africa and Indian Ocean islands in order to update the current knowledge in this field, inclusive of an overview of available methods to investigate the presence of ticks in the natural environment and in domestic pig premises. In addition, it highlights the major areas of research that require attention in order to guide future investigations and fill knowledge gaps. The available information suggests that current knowledge is clearly insufficient to develop risk-based control and prevention strategies, which should be based on a sound understanding of genotype distribution and the potential for spillover from the source population. Studies on tick biology in the natural and domestic cycle, including genetics and systematics, represent another important knowledge gap. Considering the rapidly changing dynamics affecting the African continent (demographic growth, agricultural expansion, habitat transformation), anthropogenic factors influencing tick population distribution and ASF virus (ASFV) evolution in Africa are anticipated and have been recorded in southern Africa. This dynamic context, together with the current global trends of ASFV dissemination, highlights the need to prioritize further investigation on the acarological aspects linked with ASF ecology and evolution.

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Genome Sequences of Three African Swine Fever Viruses of Genotypes IV and XX from Zaire and South Africa, Isolated from a Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), a Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), and a European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

One hundred years of African swine fever in Africa: Where have we been, where are we now, where are we going?

One hundred years of African swine fever in Africa: Where have we been, where are we now, where are we going?

Viral Co-Infections of Warthogs in Namibia with African Swine Fever Virus and Porcine Parvovirus 1

An Updated Review of Ornithodoros Ticks as Reservoirs of African Swine Fever in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar

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