Genome sequence of the endocellular bacterial symbiont of aphids Buchnera sp. APS

Shigenobu, Shuji; Watanabe, Hidemi; Hattori, Masahira; Sakaki, Yoshiyuki; Ishikawa, Hajime

doi:10.1038/35024074

Cited by 1,155 publications

(1,264 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…Specific nutritional needs of the insect host have clearly affected gene content of the bacterial partner. Bfl and Buchnera provide their hosts with essential amino acids, whereas Wgl provisions vitamins and cofactors (Shigenobu et al, 2000;Akman et al, 2002;Gil et al, 2003). As expected, these small endosymbionts genomes retain the specific biosynthetic functions that the host requires.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Gene expression levels influence amino acid usage and evolutionary rates in endosymbiotic bacteria

Schaber

Rispe²,

Wernegreen

et al. 2005

Gene

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Most endosymbiotic bacteria have extremely reduced genomes, accelerated evolutionary rates, and strong AT base compositional bias thought to reflect reduced efficacy of selection and increased mutational pressure. Here, we present a comparative study of evolutionary forces shaping five fully sequenced bacterial endosymbionts of insects. The results of this study were three-fold: (i) Stronger conservation of high expression genes at not just nonsynonymous, but also synonymous, sites. (ii) Variation in amino acid usage strongly correlates with GC content and expression level of genes. This pattern is largely explained by greater conservation of high expression genes, leading to their higher GC content. However, we also found indication of selection favoring GC-rich amino acids that contrasts with former studies. (iii) Although the specific nutritional requirements of the insect host are known to affect gene content of endosymbionts, we found no detectable influence on substitution rates, amino acid usage, or codon usage of bacterial genes involved in host nutrition. D

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Gene expression levels influence amino acid usage and evolutionary rates in endosymbiotic bacteria

Schaber

Rispe²,

Wernegreen

et al. 2005

Gene

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“…Limited repair capability was also noted for the aphid symbiont Buchnera, which even lacks the recA gene 10 .…”

Section: Lettermentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Free-living enterics and intracellular parasites (such as R. prowazekii) rely on their complex and flexible surface structures as protection from host defense mechanisms and environmental changes. In contrast, the obligate Buchnera, in its host-provisioned niche, has restricted membrane biogenesis capability 10 . Unlike Buchnera, the W. glossinidia genome encodes products integral to its Gram-negative cell-wall structure-enzymes involved in lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan biosynthesis.…”

Section: Lettermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genome sequence of the endocellular obligate symbiont of tsetse flies, Wigglesworthia glossinidia

et al. 2002

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Many insects that rely on a single food source throughout their developmental cycle harbor beneficial microbes that provide nutrients absent from their restricted diet. Tsetse flies, the vectors of African trypanosomes, feed exclusively on blood and rely on one such intracellular microbe for nutritional provisioning and fecundity. As a result of co-evolution with hosts over millions of years, these mutualists have lost the ability to survive outside the sheltered environment of their host insect cells. We present the complete annotated genome of Wigglesworthia glossinidia brevipalpis, which is composed of one chromosome of 697,724 base pairs (bp) and one small plasmid, called pWig1, of 5,200 bp. Genes involved in the biosynthesis of vitamin metabolites, apparently essential for host nutrition and fecundity, have been retained. Unexpectedly, this obligate's genome bears hallmarks of both parasitic and free-living microbes, and the gene encoding the important regulatory protein DnaA is absent.Many arthropods with restricted diets, such as vertebrate blood, plant juice or wood, rely on symbiotic microorganisms to supply nutrients required for viability and fertility 1 . Among insects harboring such symbionts is the tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae)-the vector of African trypanosomes, agents of deadly diseases in humans and animals in sub-Saharan Africa 2 . Tsetse flies harbor two symbiotic microorganisms in gut tissue: the obligate primary-symbiont Wigglesworthia glossinidia and the commensal secondarysymbiont Sodalis glossinidius. Whereas S. glossinidius may be found in various host tissue types, W. glossinidia is housed in differentiated host epithelial cells (bacteriocytes) that form the bacteriome organ 2 . The functional role of obligate symbionts in tsetses has been difficult to study, as their elimination results in retarded growth and a decrease in egg production and fecundity in the aposymbiotic host 3,4 . The ability to reproduce could be partially restored, however, when aposymbiotic flies received supplementation with B-complex vitamins, suggesting that the endosymbionts might have a metabolic role involving these compounds 5 .The phylogenetic characterization of W. glossinidia from distant tsetse species has shown that they form a distinct clade in the Enterobacteriaceae 6 and display concordant evolution with their host species 7 . This finding implies that a tsetse ancestor was infected with a bacterium some 50-100 million years ago, and extant species of tsetse and associated W. glossinidia strains radiated without horizontal transfer of genetic material between species.As a result of their intracellular lifestyle, the genomes of obligate symbionts have undergone massive reductions in comparison with their free-living relatives. The genome size of W. glossinidia has been estimated as 740-770 kilobases 8 (kb), and that of Buchnera sp., the obligate symbiont of the pea aphid (Homoptera:Aphidoidea), as 640,681 bp 9,10 . Both genomes approach the size of the smallest genome reported thus far, that of My...

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“…Information was limited to how growth of uncultivable cells is affected by that of other microorganisms, how these cells progress to death or a dormant state and how growth is induced. At the same time, however, important findings concerning the commensal symbiotic and parasitic relationships between bacteria and eukaryotes, as well as cell-to-cell communication within a bacterial species, were being made [9-12]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A commensal symbiotic interrelationship for the growth of Symbiobacterium toebii with its partner bacterium, Geobacillus toebii

et al. 2011

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BackgroundSymbiobacterium toebii is a commensal symbiotic thermophile that absolutely requires its partner bacterium Geobacillus toebii for growth. Despite development of an independent cultivation method using cell-free extracts, the growth of Symbiobacterium remains unknown due to our poor understanding of the symbiotic relationship with its partner bacterium. Here, we investigated the interrelationship between these two bacteria for growth of S. toebii using different cell-free extracts of G. toebii.ResultsSymbiobacterium toebii growth-supporting factors were constitutively produced through almost all growth phases and under different oxygen tensions in G. toebii, indicating that the factor may be essential components for growth of G. toebii as well as S. toebii. The growing conditions of G. toebii under different oxygen tension dramatically affected to the initial growth of S. toebii and the retarded lag phase was completely shortened by reducing agent, L-cysteine indicating an evidence of commensal interaction of microaerobic and anaerobic bacterium S. toebii with a facultative aerobic bacterium G. toebii. In addition, the growth curve of S. toebii showed a dependency on the protein concentration of cell-free extracts of G. toebii, demonstrating that the G. toebii-derived factors have nutrient-like characters but not quorum-sensing characters.ConclusionsNot only the consistent existence of the factor in G. toebii during all growth stages and under different oxygen tensions but also the concentration dependency of the factor for proliferation and optimal growth of S. toebii, suggests that an important biosynthetic machinery lacks in S. toebii during evolution. The commensal symbiotic bacterium, S. toebii uptakes certain ubiquitous and essential compound for its growth from environment or neighboring bacteria that shares the equivalent compounds. Moreover, G. toebii grown under aerobic condition shortened the lag phase of S. toebii under anaerobic and microaerobic conditions, suggests a possible commensal interaction that G. toebii scavengers ROS/RNS species and helps the initial growth of S. toebii.

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Genome sequence of the endocellular bacterial symbiont of aphids Buchnera sp. APS

Cited by 1,155 publications

References 28 publications

Gene expression levels influence amino acid usage and evolutionary rates in endosymbiotic bacteria

Gene expression levels influence amino acid usage and evolutionary rates in endosymbiotic bacteria

Genome sequence of the endocellular obligate symbiont of tsetse flies, Wigglesworthia glossinidia

A commensal symbiotic interrelationship for the growth of Symbiobacterium toebii with its partner bacterium, Geobacillus toebii

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