Genome Sequence of Resistant
            <i>Serratia</i>
            sp. Strain HRI, Isolated from a Bottle of Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride-Based Disinfectant

Carlie, Samantha J. Mc; Hellmuth, Julius Eduard; Newman, Jeffrey D.; Boucher, Charlotte E.; Bragg, R.R.

doi:10.1128/mra.00095-20

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…HRI and Serratia marcescens subsp. marcescens ATCC 13880 were previously reported [ 19 ], and sub-MIC levels for this study were between 10% and 50% of the MIC level for each bacteria.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 79%

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The Hormetic Effect Observed for Benzalkonium Chloride and Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride in Serratia sp. HRI

et al. 2023

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Hormesis, or the hormetic effect, is a dose- or concentration-dependent response characterised by growth stimulation at low concentrations and inhibition at high concentrations. The impact of sub-lethal levels of disinfectants on the growth of Serratia species is critical to understanding the increasing number of outbreaks caused by this pathogen in healthcare settings. Serratia sp. HRI and Serratia marcescens ATCC 13880 were cultivated in sub-lethal levels of benzalkonium chloride (BAC), Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), and VirukillTM. The maximum specific growth rates, doubling times, and cell counts were compared. The results revealed significant increases in maximum specific growth rates and shorter doubling times for Serratia sp. HRI when cultivated in sub-lethal levels of BAC and DDAC. The significant stimulatory effect of sub-lethal levels of these disinfectants for Serratia sp. HRI represents the first time hormesis has been observed in a Gram-negative bacterium for any disinfectant. Furthermore, this study is the first to observe the hormetic effect after treatment with DDAC and the second study to date analysing the impact of sub-lethal levels of disinfectants on the growth of bacterial species.

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“…HRI and Serratia marcescens subsp. marcescens ATCC 13880 were previously reported [ 19 ], and sub-MIC levels for this study were between 10% and 50% of the MIC level for each bacteria.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…The microorganisms used in this study were Serratia sp. HRI, isolated from a bottle of DDAC-based disinfectant [ 19 ], and the closest related type strain, Serratia marcescens subsp. marcescens ATCC 13880, obtained from the American Type Culture Collection.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hormetic Effect Observed for Benzalkonium Chloride and Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride in Serratia sp. HRI

et al. 2023

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“…Serratia sp. HRI was isolated from a bottle of Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC)-based disinfectant [ 20 ]. Upon analysis, high levels of resistance to Quaternary Ammonium Compound (QAC) disinfectants were found via Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) tests [ 20 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The genome of Serratia sp. HRI was sequenced and previously published [ 20 ]. The raw reads from this sequencing run, described previously, were then assembled again using the PATRIC (v. July 2021) de novo Genome Assembly service with default parameters unless otherwise specified (available at ) [ 21 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genomic Islands Identified in Highly Resistant Serratia sp. HRI: A Pathway to Discover New Disinfectant Resistance Elements

2023

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Molecular insights into the mechanisms of resistance to disinfectants are severely limited, together with the roles of various mobile genetic elements. Genomic islands are a well-characterised molecular resistance element in antibiotic resistance, but it is unknown whether genomic islands play a role in disinfectant resistance. Through whole-genome sequencing and the bioinformatic analysis of Serratia sp. HRI, an isolate with high disinfectant resistance capabilities, nine resistance islands were predicted and annotated within the genome. Resistance genes active against several antimicrobials were annotated in these islands, most of which are multidrug efflux pumps belonging to the MFS, ABC and DMT efflux families. Antibiotic resistance islands containing genes encoding for multidrug resistance proteins ErmB (macrolide and erythromycin resistance) and biclomycin were also found. A metal fitness island harbouring 13 resistance and response genes to copper, silver, lead, cadmium, zinc, and mercury was identified. In the search for disinfectant resistance islands, two genomic islands were identified to harbour smr genes, notorious for conferring disinfectant resistance. This suggests that genomic islands are capable of conferring disinfectant resistance, a phenomenon that has not yet been observed in the study of biocide resistance and tolerance.

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Susceptibility Tests and Predictions of Transporter Profile in Serratia Species

et al. 2022

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Disinfectants and biosecurity are critically important to control microbial diseases. Resistance to disinfectants compromises sectors such as agriculture and healthcare systems. Currently, efflux pumps are the most common mechanism of antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to identify the efflux transporters responsible for disinfectant resistance in a multidrug-resistant isolate Serratia sp. HRI compared to a susceptible Serratia sp. type strain. An efflux system profile was generated using the Transporter Automatic Annotation Pipeline (TransAAP) for both isolates. Thereafter, the efflux pump inhibitors, reserpine (RSP) and carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) were used to reveal the role of efflux pumps in susceptibility to three disinfectants (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride, HyperCide®, and benzalkonium chloride). Interestingly, the resistant isolate had fewer efflux systems in total compared to the type strain and fewer efflux systems classified as resistance efflux pumps. After the addition of RSP, a significant reduction in resistance capabilities against all three antimicrobials was observed for both isolates. However, CCCP supplementation produced mixed results with some outcomes suggesting the involvement of the Eagle effect. This study provides evidence that efflux pumps are responsible for the disinfectant resistance phenotype of the Serratia species due to the increased susceptibility when efflux pump inhibitors are added.

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Genome Sequence of Resistant Serratia sp. Strain HRI, Isolated from a Bottle of Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride-Based Disinfectant

Cited by 4 publications

References 13 publications

The Hormetic Effect Observed for Benzalkonium Chloride and Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride in Serratia sp. HRI

The Hormetic Effect Observed for Benzalkonium Chloride and Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride in Serratia sp. HRI

Genomic Islands Identified in Highly Resistant Serratia sp. HRI: A Pathway to Discover New Disinfectant Resistance Elements

Susceptibility Tests and Predictions of Transporter Profile in Serratia Species

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