Genome sequence of <i>Valsa</i> canker pathogens uncovers a potential adaptation of colonization of woody bark

Yin, Zhiyuan; Liu, Huiquan; Li, Zhengpeng; Ke, Xiwang; Dou, Daolong; Gao, Xiaoning; Song, Na; Dai, Qingqing; Wu, Yuxing; Xu, Jin‐Rong; Kang, Zhensheng; Huang, Lili

doi:10.1111/nph.13544

Cited by 148 publications

(179 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…mali genome, we cloned three Gα subunit genes termed Gvm1 (VM1G_00876), Gvm2 (VM1G_09956), and Gvm3 (VM1G_04248) [27]. The Gvm1 gene contains three introns and encodes a polypeptide of 353 amino acids, which shows 98.6% identity to M .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…mali strain 03–8 [27] was obtained from the Laboratory of Integrated Management of Plant Diseases in College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, PRC. All strains were routinely preserved in 20% glycerol at -80°C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…mali opened new opportunities and perspectives for basic research to study its mechanism of plant infection [27]. To explore the roles of Gα subunits in V .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gα proteins Gvm2 and Gvm3 regulate vegetative growth, asexual development, and pathogenicityon apple in Valsa mali

et al. 2017

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In fungi, heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide binding proteins (G-proteins) are key elements of signal transduction pathways, which control growth, asexual and sexual development, as well as virulence. In this study, we have identified two genes encoding heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits, named Gvm2 and Gvm3, from Valsa mali, the causal agent of apple Valsa canker. Characterization of Gvm2 and Gvm3 mutants indicates that Gvm3 may be a crucial regulator of vegetative growth. Deletion of the corresponding gene results in a 20% reduction in growth rate. Besides, Gvm2 and Gvm3 seem to be involved in asexual reproduction, and mutants are hypersensitive to oxidative and cell membrane stresses. Interestingly, both G protein alpha subunits were most probably involved in V. mali virulence. In infection assays using Malus domestica cv. ‘Fuji’ leaves and twigs, the size of lesions caused by deletion mutants △Gvm2, or △Gvm3 are significantly reduced. Furthermore, many genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes—important virulence factors in V. mali—are expressed at a lower level in these deletion mutants. Our results suggest that Gvm2 and Gvm3 play an important role in virulence probably by regulation of expression of cell wall degrading enzymes. △Gvm2, and △Gvm3 mutants were further analyzed with respect to their impact on the transcript levels of genes in the cAMP/PKA pathway. The expression of the genes encoding adenylate cyclase VmAC, protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit VmPKR, and PKA catalytic subunit VmPKA1 are down-regulated in both mutants. Further analyses indicated that intracellular cAMP level and PKA activity are down-regulated in the △Gvm3 mutant, but are basically unchanged in the △Gvm2 mutant. Overall, our findings indicate that both Gvm2 and Gvm3 play diverse roles in the modulation of vegetative growth, asexual development, and virulence in V. mali.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gα proteins Gvm2 and Gvm3 regulate vegetative growth, asexual development, and pathogenicityon apple in Valsa mali

et al. 2017

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“…To identify the mating type locus in V. mali , protein sequences of core mating type genes MAT1-1-1 (GenBank: AAK83346) and MAT1-2-1 (AAK83343) of the closely related species C. parasitica were used to search against the genome of V. mali strain 03-8 (GCA_000818155.1) (Yin et al 2015). By performing BLASTP searches, only MAT1-1-1 was found in strain 03-8.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unconventional Recombination in the Mating Type Locus of Heterothallic Apple Canker Pathogen Valsa mali

Yin

et al. 2017

G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics

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Sexual reproduction in filamentous ascomycetes is controlled by the mating type (MAT) locus, including two idiomorphs MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. Understanding the MAT locus can provide clues for unveiling the sexual development and virulence factors for fungal pathogens. The genus Valsa (Sordariomycetes, Diaporthales) contains many tree pathogens responsible for destructive canker diseases. The sexual stage of these ascomycetes is occasionally observed in nature, and no MAT locus has been reported to date. Here, we identified the MAT locus of the apple canker pathogen Valsa mali, which causes extensive damage, and even death, to trees. V. mali is heterothallic in that each isolate carries either the MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 idiomorph. However, the MAT structure is distinct from that of many other heterothallic fungi in the Sordariomycetes. Two flanking genes, COX13 and APN2, were coopted into the MAT locus, possibly by intrachromosomal rearrangement. After the acquisition of foreign genes, unequal recombination occurred between MAT1-1/2 idiomorphs, resulting in a reverse insertion in the MAT1-2 idiomorph. Evolutionary analysis showed that the three complete MAT1-1-2, COX13, and APN2 genes in this region diverged independently due to different selection pressure. Null hypothesis tests of a 1:1 MAT ratio of 86 V. mali isolates from four different provinces showed a relatively balanced distribution of the two idiomorphs in the fields. These results provide insights into the evolution of the mating systems in Sordariomycetes.

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“…This necrotrophic pathogen mainly infects host bark by means of conidia entering through wounds (Ke et al ., ; Wang X. et al ., ). After successful invasion in wounded tissue, infecting hyphae develop and colonize the bark tissue, leading to severe tissue maceration and necrosis (Yin et al ., ). To date, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the pathogenicity of V. mali is very limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Two members of the velvet family, VmVeA and VmVelB, affect conidiation, virulence and pectinase expression in Valsa mali

Xu²,

Yin³

et al. 2018

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Velvet protein family members are important fungal-specific regulators which are involved in conidial development, secondary metabolism and virulence. To gain a broader insight into the physiological functions of the velvet protein family of Valsa mali, which causes a highly destructive canker disease on apple, we conducted a functional analysis of two velvet protein family members (VmVeA and VmVelB) via a gene replacement strategy. Deletion mutants of VmVeA and VmVelB showed increased melanin production, conidiation and sensitivity to abiotic stresses, but exhibited reduced virulence on detached apple leaves and twigs. Further studies demonstrated that the regulation of conidiation by VmVeA and VmVelB was positively correlated with the melanin synthesis transcription factor VmCmr1. More importantly, transcript levels of pectinase genes were shown to be decreased in deletion mutants compared with those of the wild-type during infection. However, the expression of other cell wall-degrading enzyme genes, including cellulase, hemi-cellulase and ligninase genes, was not affected in the deletion mutants. Furthermore, the determination of pectinase activity and immunogold labelling of pectin demonstrated that the capacity for pectin degradation was attenuated as a result of deletions of VmVeA and VmVelB. Finally, the interaction of VmVeA with VmVelB was identified through co-immunoprecipitation assays. VmVeA and VmVelB play critical roles in conidiation and virulence, probably via the regulation of the melanin synthesis transcription factor VmCmr1 and their effect on pectinase gene expression in V. mali, respectively.

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Genome sequence of Valsa canker pathogens uncovers a potential adaptation of colonization of woody bark

Cited by 148 publications

References 87 publications

Gα proteins Gvm2 and Gvm3 regulate vegetative growth, asexual development, and pathogenicityon apple in Valsa mali

Gα proteins Gvm2 and Gvm3 regulate vegetative growth, asexual development, and pathogenicityon apple in Valsa mali

Unconventional Recombination in the Mating Type Locus of Heterothallic Apple Canker Pathogen Valsa mali

Two members of the velvet family, VmVeA and VmVelB, affect conidiation, virulence and pectinase expression in Valsa mali

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