Genome sequence of Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi sheds light on mummy berry disease infection of blueberry and mating type

Abstract

Mummy berry disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Mvc), is one of the most economically important diseases of blueberries in North America. Mvc is capable of inducing two separate blighting stages during its life cycle. Infected fruits are rendered mummified and unmarketable. Genomic data for this pathogen is lacking, but could be useful in understanding the reproductive biology of Mvc and the mechanisms it deploys to facilitate host infection. In this study, PacBio sequencing and Hi-C interaction data were utilized to create a chromosome-scale reference genome for Mvc. The genome comprises nine chromosomes with a total length of 30 Mb, an N50 length of 4.06 Mb, and an average 413X sequence coverage. A total of 9,399 gene models were predicted and annotated, and BUSCO analysis revealed that 98% of 1,438 searched conserved eukaryotic genes were present in the predicted gene set. Potential effectors were identified, and the mating-type (MAT) locus was characterized. Biotrophic effectors allow the pathogen to avoid recognition by the host plant and evade or mitigate host defense responses during the early stages of fruit infection. Following locule colonization, necrotizing effectors promote the mummification of host tissues. Potential biotrophic effectors utilized by Mvc include chorismate mutase for reducing host salicylate and necrotrophic effectors include necrosis-inducing proteins and hydrolytic enzymes for macerating host tissue. MAT locus sequences indicate the potential for homothallism in the reference genome, but a deletion allele of the MAT locus, characterized in a second isolate, indicates heterothallism. Further research is needed to verify the roles of individual effectors in virulence and to determine the role of the MAT locus in outcrossing and population genotypic diversity.

Genome biology and evolution of mating type loci in four cereal rust fungi

“…Juicerbox 1.8.8 (68) was used to visualize Hi-C maps. The approximate positions of centromeric regions were estimated by zooming in on the Hi-C heatmap in Juicerbox and selecting the region corresponding to strong interaction signals, which has been validated and widely used in previous studies (107,108).…”

Needles in fungal haystacks: Discovery of a putative a-factor pheromone and a unique mating strategy in the Leotiomycetes

“…In the 36 Sclerotiniaceae species investigated, heterothallism was found to dominate, with 25 of these species having been described as heterothallic or having a MAT locus structure consistent with heterothallic behavior (Figs 1 and 2 and S1 Table ). There are a few notable exceptions, including Sclerotinia sclerotiorum [ 80 ], which undergoes mating type switching via an inversion at the MAT locus, as well as Sclerotinia trifoliorum [ 14 , 81 ] and Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi [ 82 ], which undergo mating type switching via DNA loss at this locus.…”

Genome biology and evolution of mating-type loci in four cereal rust fungi

“…Juicebox 1.8.8 [ 75 ] was used to visualize Hi-C maps. The approximate positions of centromeric regions were estimated by zooming in on the Hi-C heatmap in Juicebox and selecting the region corresponding to strong bowtie like interaction signals, which have been validated and widely used in previous studies [ 126 , 127 ].…”