Genome of the Bacterium
            <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>
            Strain R6

Hoskins, JoAnn; Alborn, William E.; Arnold, Jeffrey S.; Blaszczak, Larry C.; Burgett, Stanley G.; DeHoff, Bradley S.; Estrem, Shawn T.; Fritz, Lori; Fu, Dong-Jing; Fuller, Wendy; Geringer, Chad D.; Gilmour, Raymond; Glass, Jennifer S.; Khoja, Hamid; Kraft, Angelika R.; Lagacé, Robert; LeBlanc, Donald J.; Lee, Linda N.; Lefkowitz, Elliot J.; Lu, Jin; Matsushima, Patti; McAhren, Scott M.; McHenney, M A; McLeaster, Kevin; Mundy, Christopher W.; Nicas, Thalia I.; Norris, Franklin H.; O'Gara, MaryJeanne; Peery, Robert B.; Robertson, Gregory T.; Rockey, Pamela K.; Sun, Peng; Winkler, Malcolm E.; Yang, Yong; Young-Bellido, Michelle; Zhao, Genshi; Zook, Christopher; Baltz, Richard H.; Jaskunas, S R; Rosteck, Paul R.; Skatrud, Paul L.; Glass, John I.

doi:10.1128/jb.183.19.5709-5717.2001

Cited by 691 publications

(655 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The analysis of genome sequences has shown that many bacteria appear to have multiple, putative efflux pumps [6,7,8]. The activity of these pumps contributes to the high levels of antibiotic resistance exhibited by organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa [9].…”

Section: Efflux Pumpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why are bacteria refractory to antimicrobials?

Hogan

Kolter

2002

Current Opinion in Microbiology

142

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Section: Efflux Pumpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why are bacteria refractory to antimicrobials?

Hogan

Kolter

2002

Current Opinion in Microbiology

142

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“…The sequencing of genomes of similar composition remained fairly intractable. This resulted in the genome of B. subtilis being the only Firmicute genome sequence for almost five years, until those of the much smaller genomes of Staphylococcus aureus (Kuroda et al ., 2001) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (Hoskins et al ., 2001; Tettelin et al ., 2001) were published, followed by that of Bacillus anthracis strains of size equivalent to that of B. subtilis (Read et al ., 2002). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus subtilis, the model Gram‐positive bacterium: 20 years of annotation refinement

Borriss

Danchin

Harwood

et al. 2017

Microbial Biotechnology

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SummaryGenome annotation is, nowadays, performed via automatic pipelines that cannot discriminate between right and wrong annotations. Given their importance in increasing the accuracy of the genome annotations of other organisms, it is critical that the annotations of model organisms reflect the current annotation gold standard. The genome of Bacillus subtilis strain 168 was sequenced twenty years ago. Using a combination of inductive, deductive and abductive reasoning, we present a unique, manually curated annotation, essentially based on experimental data. This reveals how this bacterium lives in a plant niche, while carrying a paleome operating system common to Firmicutes and Tenericutes. Dozens of new genomic objects and an extensive literature survey have been included for the sequence available at the INSDC (AccNum AL009126.3). We also propose an extension to Demerec's nomenclature rules that will help investigators connect to this type of curated annotation via the use of common gene names.

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“…The roles of other glycosidases remain unknown, yet at least one-third of the pneumococcal genome encodes proteins involved in sugar transport, degradation, and processing, suggesting that carbohydrate metabolism has a central impact on pneumococcal biology (16,27,47). In the sequenced pneumococcal genome, several genes are annotated as sugar hydrolases (otherwise known as glycosidases); however, the importance of these in glycoprotein degradation is not known.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbohydrates are the principal energy sources for the pneumococcus, and these must be obtained exclusively from its host (16). Although the pneumococcus is known to utilize a variety of free sugars through at least 14 sugar utilization operons (10), in the upper respiratory tract the concentration of free sugars is low (39).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Peter¹,

Klein²

2008

Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Disease

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The pneumococcus obtains its energy from the metabolism of host glycosides. Therefore, efficient degradation of host glycoproteins is integral to pneumococcal virulence. In search of novel pneumococcal glycosidases, we characterized the Streptococcus pneumoniae strain D39 protein encoded by SPD_0065 and found that this gene encodes a ␤-galactosidase. The SPD_0065 recombinant protein released galactose from desialylated fetuin, which was used here as a model of glycoproteins found in vivo. A pneumococcal mutant with a mutation in SPD_0065 showed diminished ␤-galactosidase activity, exhibited an extended lag period in mucin-containing defined medium, and cleaved significantly less galactose than the parental strain during growth on mucin. As pneumococcal ␤-galactosidase activity had been previously attributed solely to SPD_0562 (bgaA), we evaluated the contribution of SPD_0065 and SPD_0562 to total ␤-galactosidase activity. Mutation of either gene significantly reduced enzymatic activity, but ␤-galactosidase activity in the double mutant, although significantly less than that in either of the single mutants, was not completely abolished. The expression of SPD_0065 in S. pneumoniae grown in mucin-containing medium or tissues harvested from infected animals was significantly upregulated compared to that in pneumococci from glucose-containing medium. The SPD_0065 mutant strain was found to be attenuated in virulence in a manner specific to the host tissue.Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, bacterial meningitis, and septicemia (21). Furthermore, a high percentage of the population carries the bacterium in the nasopharynx, asymptomatically or as a prelude to disease (53). The upsurge in antibiotic-resistant strains and the search for new vaccines highlight the need to understand more completely the nature of pneumococcal virulence. A survey of pneumococcal virulence studies indicates a clear asymmetry in favor of research focusing on factors involved in attachment and damage to host tissues and in immune evasion (2,11,15,22,38). Although these studies have revealed useful information about pneumococcal virulence, there is a severe lack of knowledge on the basic physiology of S. pneumoniae, such that little information is available on how the pneumococcus fulfils its nutritional requirements for the generation of energy.Carbohydrates are the principal energy sources for the pneumococcus, and these must be obtained exclusively from its host (16). Although the pneumococcus is known to utilize a variety of free sugars through at least 14 sugar utilization operons (10), in the upper respiratory tract the concentration of free sugars is low (39). However, monosaccharides are copious within the structures of O-and N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, which are found predominantly in the structures of mucins (Fig. 1) and in circulatory glycoproteins, respectively. Previous studies have shown that the sequential deglycosylation of N-linked glycan structures by pneumococcal...

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Genome of the Bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae Strain R6

Cited by 691 publications

References 54 publications

Why are bacteria refractory to antimicrobials?

Why are bacteria refractory to antimicrobials?

Bacillus subtilis, the model Gram‐positive bacterium: 20 years of annotation refinement

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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