Genome Editing of Plants

Abstract

Genome editing in organisms via random mutagenesis is a naturally occurring phenomenon. As a technology, genome editing has evolved from the use of chemical and physical mutagenic agents capable of altering DNA sequences to biological tools such as designed sequence-specific nucleases (SSN) to produce knockout (KO) or knock-in (KI) edits and Oligonucleotide Directed Mutagenesis (ODM) where specific nucleotide changes are made in a directed manner resulting in custom single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Cibus' SU Canola TM , which the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) views as non-genetically modified (non-GM), is Cibus' first commercial product arising from plant genome editing and had its test launch in 2014. Regulatory aspects of the various genome editing tools will be discussed.

The Swedish policy approach to directed mutagenesis in a European context

“…The most widely known so far is the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system, including a CRISPR associated (Cas) endonuclease protein, while zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator‐like effector nucleases (TALENs) and the nucleic acid‐based oligonucleotide‐directed mutagenesis (ODM) are also routinely applied. It is beyond the scope of this review to describe the genome editing techniques in detail; however, several recent reviews are available on various aspects, such as the technical details (NTWG , Chen and Gao , Abdallah et al , Hilscher et al , HLG SAM , entire issue of Plant Biotechnology Journal ), specifically on CRISPR systems (Bortesi and Fischer , Ding et al , Paul III and Qi , Samanta et al , Stella and Montoya , Arora and Narula , Volpi e Silva and Patron , Yin et al ), applications in plants (Brinegar et al , Hilscher et al , Ricroch et al , Zhang et al ), as well as the historical development (Songstad et al ) and comparisons with other breeding techniques (Georges and Ray ).…”

“…The most widely known so far is the clustered regularly interspaced Abbreviations -CJEU, Court of Justice of the European Union; CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; EC, European Commission; EFSA, European Food Safety Authority; GMO, genetically modified organism; HLG SAM, high-level group of Scientific Advice Mechanism; JRC, Joint Research Centre; NCA, National Competent Authority; NPBTs, new plant breeding techniques; NTWG, new techniques working group; ODM, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis; RTDS, Rapid Trait Development System; SBA, Swedish Board of Agriculture; SDN, site-directed nuclease; TALENs, transcription activator-like effector nucleases; ZFNs, zinc finger nucleases. Paul III and Qi 2016, Samanta et al 2016, Stella and Montoya 2016, Arora and Narula 2017, Volpi e Silva and Patron 2017, Yin et al 2017, applications in plants (Brinegar et al 2017, Hilscher et al 2017, Ricroch et al 2017, Zhang et al 2017, as well as the historical development (Songstad et al 2017) and comparisons with other breeding techniques (Georges and Ray 2017).…”

Corporate Concentration and Technological Change in the Global Seed Industry

“…A very brief summary of its evolution shows the importance of these changes in the past few decades. "The domestication of crop plants began approximately 10,000 years ago by selecting for increased seeds per inflorescence, increased seedling vigor, reduced seed dormancy and dispersal/shatter, and altered plant architecture such as compact/dwarf growth and reduced branching/tillering" [36]. Until the late 19th century and the first part of the 20th century, most farmers saved seeds from their harvests and employed mass selection thereof to choose seeds for the next season.…”

Introductory Chapter: Plant Ecology

“…Drafting the origin of plant, their functional types and phylogenetic/evolutionary patterns are the most needed steps to timely track and record the drifts and risks to the ecosystem and biosphere [11][12][13][14]. As the current dynamics, composition and distribution of plants are altered thence, elaborating and redefining the relationship of plants with the factors encompassing them had led the flora and environment on the verge of endangerment are also expatiated, and many successful solutions to indemnify these issues are contributed by the scientists.…”