“…Several theories include ion-flow disruption, structural remodeling, and electrical remodeling [9,[20][21][22]. The formation of ectopic foci of excitation and, thus, the knotting of reentry loops, the intensity of proliferation, differentiation, and the remodeling of the extracellular matrix, as well as the efficiency of flow through ion channels, are associated with changes in gene expression [23][24][25][26]. Some changes in gene expression related to signaling pathways, fibroblast activity, and electrical conductivity, or associated with the development of inflammation in AF patients, have been identified [27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”