Genetics of Phytopathology: Fungal Morphogenesis and Plant Infection

Wirsel, Stefan G. R.; Reimann, Sven; Deising, H. B.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18819-0_6

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…These cells exert extraordinary pressures, perhaps as high as 8.0 MPa in Magnaporthe grisea, and do not appear to utilize enzymes during the process of leaf invasion (Wirsel et al, 2004). Unlike the vegetative hyphae examined in the present paper, penetration hyphae are specialized for leaf invasion and may have a very limited capacity for nutrient absorption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In biomechanical terms, invasive hyphal growth depends upon the degree to which the substrate is weakened by secreted enzymes, and the application of force by the hyphal apex (Bastmeyer et al, 2002;Money, 2001;Wirsel et al, 2004). There are two potential sources for any mechanical force exerted by the hyphal apex: the cytoskeleton and osmotically generated turgor pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanical evidence for convergent evolution of the invasive growth process among fungi and oomycete water molds

Money¹,

Davis²,

Ravishankar³

2004

Fungal Genetics and Biology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical evidence for convergent evolution of the invasive growth process among fungi and oomycete water molds

Money¹,

Davis²,

Ravishankar³

2004

Fungal Genetics and Biology

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“…The observation that barely differentiated hyphae penetrate anticlinal epidermal walls or push epidermal walls apart suggests that different mechanisms of penetration cooperate. A combination of mechanical forces and enzymatic activities is known to contribute to the success of plant pathogenic infection (Wirsel et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seed-transmitted beneficial endophytic Stagonospora sp. can penetrate the walls of the root epidermis, but does not proliferate in the cortex, of Phragmites australis

Gao

Mendgen

2006

Can. J. Bot.

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Stagonospora sp. (4/99-1) is a beneficial endophytic fungus frequently transmitted by seeds of Phragmites australis [Cav.] Trin. ex Steudel. Here we show that this fungus also penetrates the root epidermis. At first, hyphae were attracted by the root and proliferated on the root surface, preferably over the anticlinal walls. Penetration occurred directly by undifferentiated hyphae or was facilitated by hyphopodia. Hyphal growth within the root was restricted to the walls of epidermal cells and the walls of the cells of the outermost cortical layer. Deeper growth by the fungus elicited wall appositions and ingress into the cytoplasm of cortical cells was blocked by papillae. In the rare cases, the fungus managed to penetrate into cortical cells, these reacted with necrosis. Immunological studies suggested that fungal material reached the host plasmalemma and may have been taken up by endocytotic events. Our observations explain the endophytic lifestyle of hyphae close to the epidermis and the restricted development within the cortex.Key words: Stagonospora, Phragmites australis, infection, root cortex, root epidermis.Résumé : Le Stagonospora sp. (4/99-1) est un champignon endophyte bénéfique, très souvent transmis par les semences du Phragmitis australis [Cav.] Trin. ex Steudel. On démontre ici que ce champignon pénètre également l'épiderme racinaire. Au départ, les hyphes sont attirées par la racine et prolifèrent sur la surface racinaire, préférablement sur les parois anticlines. La pénétration s'effectue directement par des hyphes indifférenciées, ou est facilitée par un hyphopode. La croissance de l'hyphe dans la racine est limitée aux parois des cellules épidermiques et de la couche corticale la plus externe. Une croissance plus en profondeur du champignon élicite des appositions pariétales et la pénétration dans le cytoplasme des cellules corticales est bloquée par des papilles. Dans les rares cas où le champignon s'est infiltré jusque dans les cellules corticales, celles-ci ont réagi avec une nécrose. Des essais immunologiques suggèrent que le matériel fongique atteint la plasmalemme de l'hôte, et pourrait été impliqué dans des évènement endocytotiques. Ces observations expliquent le mode de vie endophyte des hyphes à proximité de l'épiderme et le développement restreint dans le cortex.

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“…As regards the role of cell wall degrading enzymes in fungi with elaborate and melanised appressoria which generate high turgor pressure (such as Colletotrycum and Magnaporte species), Wirsel et al (2004) indicate that it is very likely that both, enzymes and force, are needed for initial penetration, the proportion being characteristic of each pathogen. According to Gold and Mendgen (1991) and Hardham (2001), the extracellular mucilaginous matrix commonly present around rust germlings is useful not only to favour their adhesion to host organs, but above all as an enzymatic reserve -especially cutinase -for penetration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host surface tissues and basidiospore-derived infection strategies of some rust fungi

et al. 2006

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-Some Authors belief that the basidiospore germ tubes of rust fungi penetrate angiosperms directly and gymnosperms indirectly, hypothesizing that the different strategies of basidiospore-derived penetrations could be ascribed to the heavily cutinized and thick walled epidermal cells of the leaves of gymnosperms. In this paper the surface tissues of the organs of some angiosperms and gymnosperms -which are directly and/or indirectly penetrated by basidiospore germlings of Melampsora spp., Cronartium flaccidum and Crysomyxa abietis -were examined, in order to: (i) evaluate the role of the cuticular and epidermal cell-wall thickness, still considered a barrier to a direct penetration, and (ii) search for other possible cyto-histological aspects of surface tissues which could explain the different penetration strategies of rust basidiospore germlings. The results show that the thickness of cuticle and epidermal cell walls of the organs onto which the monokaryotic phase of each rust species has fitted itself during evolution to penetrate is not important in determining the penetration strategy, whereas it seems that it is the presence of lignin in the surface tissues of these organs which probably limits the direct penetration of rust basidiospore germlings.

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Genetics of Phytopathology: Fungal Morphogenesis and Plant Infection

Cited by 7 publications

References 139 publications

Biomechanical evidence for convergent evolution of the invasive growth process among fungi and oomycete water molds

Biomechanical evidence for convergent evolution of the invasive growth process among fungi and oomycete water molds

Seed-transmitted beneficial endophytic Stagonospora sp. can penetrate the walls of the root epidermis, but does not proliferate in the cortex, of Phragmites australis

Host surface tissues and basidiospore-derived infection strategies of some rust fungi

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