Genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorders: new findings and challenges

Grados, Marco A.; Walkup, John T.; Walford, Samuel

doi:10.1016/s0387-7604(03)90010-6

Cited by 83 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…However, in spite of having a large body of research, there is no robust finding linking any particular gene to OCD [1,2] . This is possibly due to the heterogeneous nature of the OCD phenotype [2][3][4] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Familial Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Different from Sporadic Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? A Comparison of Clinical Characteristics, Comorbidity and Treatment Response

et al. 2010

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Background: Familial and sporadic subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been proposed, but have not been well studied. The aim of the study was to compare the clinical characteristics, comorbidity and treatment response of familial OCD with sporadic OCD. Sampling and Methods: We reviewed the clinical records of 84 familial OCD patients and 80 randomly selected sporadic OCD patients from a specialty OCD clinic in India. All the subjects had been evaluated using the specially devised topical OCD evaluation proforma, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and the Clinical Global Impression scale. A diagnosis of OCD was made according to the DSM-IV criteria. Results: Familial OCD was associated with earlier age at onset, a greater duration of untreated illness and more compulsions, particularly ordering and cognitive types. It was also associated with greater comorbidity, especially depression and other anxiety disorders, and treatment non-response. The sporadic group had more sexual obsessions and predominant obsession subtypes of OCD. In regression analysis, ordering compulsions, cognitive compulsions, absence of sexual obsessions, lifetime comorbidity of major depression and anxiety disorders and a greater duration of untreated illness predicted familial OCD. Conclusions: Our findings support the observation that familial OCD could be phenotypically different from sporadic forms of OCD and therefore a putative subtype of OCD.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Familial Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Different from Sporadic Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? A Comparison of Clinical Characteristics, Comorbidity and Treatment Response

et al. 2010

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“…Previously thought to be rare in children, recent investigations have shown that childhood onset is more frequent, although estimates have ranged from 0.6 [2] to 3% [3] . Knowledge about the etiology and pathogenesis is limited [1] , although genetic factors seem important [4,5] . OCD is categorized as an anxiety disorder in DSM-IV [6] due to the anxiety observed in many cases and the use of rituals to relieve unpleasant affects such as anxiety, but it is characterized by a great deal of heterogeneity [7,8] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diurnal Cortisol Levels and Cortisol Response in Youths with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Gustafsson

Ivarsson

et al. 2008

Neuropsychobiology

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Background/Aims: Recent results indicate a role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although childhood onset is common, the HPA axis has scarcely been studied in young OCD subjects. Therefore, the present study aimed at examining basal and response levels of salivary cortisol in a sample of young OCD subjects. Methods: Twenty-three children and adolescents with DSM-IV OCD were compared to a reference group of school children (n = 240–336). The basal cortisol rhythm was measured through saliva samples 3 times/day. The cortisol response to a psychological stressor (exposure therapy in the OCD group and a fire alarm in the reference group) was also examined. Results: Compared to the reference group, OCD subjects displayed higher early-morning cortisol values (p = 0.005) with no difference between the late-morning and evening values. The cortisol levels in the OCD group diminished in response to the psychological stressor, compared to a positive response in the reference group (p < 0.001). No relation was found between cortisol and clinical parameters. Conclusion: These results support the idea that HPA hyperactivity, commonly found in adult OCD patients, is also present at an earlier stage of development, with specificity for the early-morning peak.

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“…Several lines of evidence support further investigation of glutamate system-related genes as candidates for OCD. A better understanding of environmental triggers, OCD subtypes, comorbid tic disorders, OCD pathophysiology, and further development of animal models may ultimately lead to locating genes that confer risk to OCD ( 87 ). Lastly, much larger sample sizes and collaboration across international OCD research centers will be required to achieve this goal.…”

Section: Neuropsychiatric Disorders Frequently Comorbid With Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Murphy¹,

Stewart²,

Obregon³

2016

The Medical Basis of Psychiatry

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OCD is the fourth most common neuropsychiatric disorder with lifetime prevalence estimates of 0.4-3.5%. Family and twin studies suggest a strong genetic component, and molecular genetic studies are being carried out to identify genes contributing risk to OCD. It is postulated as a frontal-striatal disorder and functional neuroimaging studies provide a strong support for the dysfunction of cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical neurocircuit. OCD can be secondary to a variety of medical conditions that range from deteriorative neurological illness, to head injury, and to autoimmune disorders. Few reports and no controlled studies exist in the treatment of acquired/secondary OCD. Both CBT and pharmacotherapy are effective fi rst-line treatment modalities for OCD. Brain stimulation and/or psychosurgery have been tried with varying success in treatment of refractory OCD. Environmental, genetic, and clinical factors interact in a complex fashion in the individual patient. This chapter will examine OCD from the medical perspective.Keywords Obsessive compulsive disorder · Cortical-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuit · Genetics · Neuroimaging · Autoimmune · Treatment IntroductionAs defi ned in DSM-5, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions (recurrent, unwanted, and distressing thoughts, images, or impulses) and/or compulsions (complex, repetitive, rule-governed behaviors that the patient feels driven to perform). Patients usually try to actively dismiss obsessions or neutralize them by seeking reassurance, avoiding situational triggers, or engaging in compulsions. Obsessions and compulsions are maladaptive, and lead to impaired functioning. They typically center on four themes: contamination, sexual/aggressive/checking, and ordering and symmetry. Common compulsions include excessive cleaning, checking behaviors, ordering and arranging rituals, counting, and repeating routine activities. Compulsions usually involve observable behaviors (e.g., hand-washing) but may also consist of covert mental rituals (e.g., counting, or ritualized performance of mental math). Symptom themes can vary over the course of the illness but those without a personal or family history of tics are more likely to have more frequent contamination themes. In the DSM-5, hoarding has been categorized as a distinct disorder, and is no longer considered a specifi c form of OCD. The addition of a separate diagnosis is supported by extensive research suggesting that, although the two disorders can co-occur, patients with symptoms of hoarding have a number of signifi cant phenomenological differences than those with OCD, including distinct cognitive processes, reinforcement patterns, and response to treatments commonly used to address symptoms of OCD ( 1 ).The proposed lifetime prevalence of OCD in the pediatric and adult population ranges from 0.4 to 3.5% in national and international epidemiological samples ( 2 -7 ). Approximately half of all OCD patients fi rst present in childhood, before age 15 ( 8 ) with biphasic symptom p...

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Genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorders: new findings and challenges

Cited by 83 publications

References 56 publications

Is Familial Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Different from Sporadic Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? A Comparison of Clinical Characteristics, Comorbidity and Treatment Response

Is Familial Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Different from Sporadic Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? A Comparison of Clinical Characteristics, Comorbidity and Treatment Response

Diurnal Cortisol Levels and Cortisol Response in Youths with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

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