Genetics of Major Insect Vectors

Dorn, Patricia L.; Noireau, François; Krafsur, E. S.; Lanzaro, Gregory C.; Cornel, Anthony J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384890-1.00015-7

“…Also, similar findings were reported by Ouma et al [38], Nthiwa et al [39], and Cecchi et al [40] in other eastern African countries such as Uganda, Kenya, and Somalia, respectively. This is because open savanna woodland and riverine forest edges are typical habitat for Glossina morsitans group (mainly for G. pallidipes) [32,[41][42][43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glossina pallidipes Density and Trypanosome Infection Rate in Arba Minch Zuria District of Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Tora

¹

,

Seyoum

²

,

Lejebo³

2022

Journal of Parasitology Research

2

0

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Background. African trypanosomosis is a disease of both animals and humans resulting from infection with parasitaemic protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma transmitted mainly by the tsetse flies (Glossina species). The disease has been reported in different parts of the country. However, information on the apparent density and trypanosome infection rates of the vectors is very limited in the Southern part of Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the apparent density, infection rate of trypanosomes in Glossina pallidipes, and the trypanosome species involved in Arba Minch Zuria district of Southern Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2018 in two purposely selected kebeles of Arbaminch Zuria district and in the escarpments of Nech Sar National Park of Southern Ethiopia. For entomological survey, a total of 40 standard NGU traps were deployed around the watering and grazing areas. A total of 300 fresh Glossina pallidipes were examined for trypanosome infection using a dissection procedure as described by the FAO Training manual for tsetse control personnel. Results. The study revealed the presence of only one Glossina species, known as Glossina pallidipes, and biting flies including Stomoxys and Tabanus. A total of 2176 flies were caught of which 1803 (82.86%) belong to Glossina pallidipes and the remaining 373 (17.14%) were biting flies. The overall apparent density of Glossina pallidipes and biting flies in the study area were 15.03 fly/trap/day (F/T/D) and 3.11 F/T/D, respectively. Relatively higher Glossina pallidipes and biting flies, respectively, were caught in a wood-grass land (15.87 F/T/D and 3.69 F/T/D) and riverine forest (15.13 F/T/D and 3.42 F/T/D) than bush land vegetation types (13.87 F/T/D and 1.76 F/T/D). The overall trypanosome infection rate of Glossina pallidipes was 17.67% (53/300). Two trypanosome species, namely, Trypanosoma congolense (66.04%) and Trypanosoma vivax (33.96%), were responsible for Glossina pallidipes infection in the study area. Trypanosome infection rate was significantly higher in female G. pallidipes than in male ( OR = 3.39 , 95 % CI = 1.53 ‐ 7.52 ). Significantly, higher trypanosome infection rate was observed in flies older than 20 days ( OR = 2.5 , 95 % CI = 1.12 ‐ 5.56 ) and in hunger stage 1 flies ( OR = 14.24 , 95 % CI = 4.01 ‐ 50.59 ). Glossina pallidipes infection was significantly higher in and around park grazing areas ( OR = 3.41 , 95 % CI = 1.76 ‐ 6.6 ) and wood-grass land vegetation type ( OR = 2.7 , 95 % CI = 1.2 ‐ 6.5 ). Conclusion. The current study revealed high apparent density and trypanosome infection in Glossina pallidipes in Arba Minch Zuria district of Southern Ethiopia. So, this study warrants the need for strengthening both vector and parasite control strategies in the study area.

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“…These markers are simple sequence repeats, highly polymorphic and with a high mutation rate (Ellegren, 2004). Microsatellites have been applied for evolutionary studies as well as investigating cryptic diversity in various groups of disease vectors (Gourbière et al ., 2012; Depaquit, 2014; Wilke et al ., 2014; Araya‐Anchetta et al ., 2015; Scarpassa et al ., 2016; Dorn et al ., 2017). Panels with several loci are available for phlebotomine sand fly species from both New and Old Worlds (Day & Ready, 1999; Aransay et al ., 2001; Watts et al ., 2002, 2005; Santos et al ., 2013; Neal et al ., 2016; Hamarsheh et al ., 2018).…”

Section: Detecting Cryptic Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex includes nine described species (Sinka et al ., 2010; Dorn et al ., 2017), of which Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto is the primary vector of Plasmodium falciparum Welch in the sub‐Saharan Africa (Sinka et al ., 2010). This mosquito is notable for being endophilic and anthropophilic (Sinka et al ., 2010; Dorn et al ., 2017). In contrast, Anopheles quadriannulatus Theobald (another member of the An.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, the existence of species complexes is a fairly common phenomenon in arthropod vectors, and it has been reported within biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) (Harrup et al ., 2015; Mignotte et al ., 2020), black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) (Adler et al ., 2010), mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) (Harbach, 2012; Harbach, 2013), phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) (Souza et al ., 2017; Galati, 2018; this present review), ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae) (Nava et al ., 2014; Dantas‐Torres, 2018; Guglielmone et al ., 2020), triatomine bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (Schofield & Galvão, 2009; Santillán‐Guayasamín et al ., 2020) and tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) (Dorn et al ., 2017). In the same way, studies have demonstrated that members of these species complexes may display differences in terms of vector capacity or competence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the same way, studies have demonstrated that members of these species complexes may display differences in terms of vector capacity or competence. For instance, the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex includes nine described species (Sinka et al ., 2010; Dorn et al ., 2017), of which Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto is the primary vector of Plasmodium falciparum Welch in the sub‐Saharan Africa (Sinka et al ., 2010). This mosquito is notable for being endophilic and anthropophilic (Sinka et al ., 2010; Dorn et al ., 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beyond taxonomy: species complexes in New World phlebotomine sand flies

Sousa‐Paula

¹

,

Pessoa

²

,

Otranto

³

et al. 2021

Medical Vet Entomology

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A species complex (= species group, species series) is an assemblage of species, which are related morphologically and phylogenetically. Recent research has revealed several arthropod vector species that were believed to be a single nominal species actually representing a group of closely related species, which are sometimes morphologically indistinguishable at one or more developmental stages. In some instances, differences in terms of vector competence, capacity, or both have been recorded. It highlights the importance of detecting and studying species complexes to improve our understanding of pathogen transmission patterns, which may be vectored more or less efficiently by different species within the complex. Considering more than 540 species, about one‐third of the phlebotomine sand flies in the New World present males and/or females morphologically indistinguishable to one or more species. Remarkably, several of these species may act in transmission of pathogenic agents. In this article, we review recent research on species complexes in phlebotomine sand flies from the Americas. Possible practical implications of recently acquired knowledge and future research needs are also discussed.

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