Genetics and Genomics Resources of Millets: Availability, Advancements, and Applications

Genetic Enhancement of Cereals Using Genomic Resources for Nutritional Food Security

“…The specificity of probes in DNA microarrays is also influenced by their lengths, with longer probes exhibiting reduced specificity [ 57 ]. Additionally, microarray techniques exhibit a limited dynamic range of detection due to both background and saturation signals, necessitating prior knowledge of the sequences under examination [ 58 , 59 ].…”

“…Complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries are constructed from isolated mRNAs in a manner that allows identification of the 5′ and 3′ ends of the message through sequencing the vector–insert joins in the plasmid. This approach, such as expressed sequence tags (ESTs) generation, facilitates the rapid and easy discovery of new genes, crucial for functional genomics and understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning sustainable agricultural production [ 59 , 60 ]. However, limitations include the detection of predominantly abundant transcripts, relatively low throughput, and the inability to quantify transcripts [ 61 ].…”

“…RNA-Seq, a form of high-throughput NGS, sequences the RNA of a species that precisely determines each transcript, achieving remarkable sequencing depth [ 53 ]. This technique has surmounted previous limitations, elucidating molecular functions through single-cell gene expression and aiding in the identification of novel genes/QTLs [ 53 , 59 ]. NGS has elevated the scale of transcriptome sequencing, broadened sequence-based marker resources, and enabled de novo assembly for crop development, all at a reduced cost compared to phenotyping [ 66 ].…”