Genetic variation, vegetative compatibility, and aggressiveness diversity of <i>Diplodia bulgarica</i> isolates from apple orchards in West Azarbaijan province of Iran

Bari, Roya Zeynali; Abrinbana, Masoud; Ghosta, Youbert

doi:10.1111/ppa.13374

Cited by 4 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Vegetative compatibility analyses revealed the occurrence of anastomosis between non-self pairings and high vegetative compatibility group diversity within populations. All studied MLGs produced necrotic lesions on detached shoots of the 'Red Delicious' apple but differed in their aggressiveness levels (Bari et al, 2021). A wide range of resistance/susceptibility levels has been found in the apple germplasm, ranging from highly susceptible to moderately resistant (Hanifeh et al, 2017).…”

Section: Pra Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diplodia bulgarica has been reported on Malus domestica (U.S. National Fungus Collections Database) (Phillips et al, 2012;Abdollahzadeh, 2015;Hanifeh et al, 2017;Nabi et al, 2020;Bari et al, 2021;Eken, 2021;Hinrichs-Berger et al, 2021;Nourian et al, 2021).…”

Section: Malus Domesticamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study on vegetative compatibility and aggressiveness diversity has been done on 101 D. bulgarica isolates recovered from apple trees displaying symptoms of canker and decline in the West Azarbaijan province of Iran (Bari et al, 2021). Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker analyses revealed high within-population diversity, low genetic differentiation, high gene flow and sharing of multilocus genotypes (MLGs) among geographic populations.…”

Section: Pra Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from Turkey

Bragard¹,

Baptista²,

Chatzivassiliou³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as ‘High risk plants, plant products and other objects’. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by dormant grafted plants, rootstocks, budwood and scions of Malus domestica imported from Turkey, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Turkey. All pests associated with the commodities were evaluated against specific criteria for their relevance for this opinion. Three quarantine pests ( Anoplophora chinensis , Lopholeucaspis japonica and tomato ringspot virus), one protected zone quarantine pest ( Erwinia amylovora ) and eight non‐regulated pests ( Calepitrimerus baileyi, Cenopalpus irani, Cicadatra persica, Diplodia bulgarica, Hoplolaimus galeatus, Malacosoma parallela, Pratylenchus loosi and Pyrolachnus pyri ) that fulfilled all relevant criteria were selected for further evaluation. For E. amylovora, special requirements are specified in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. Based on the information provided in the dossier, the specific requirements for E. amylovora were not met. For Anoplophora chinensis , special measures are specified in Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2012/138. The exporting country does meet the requirement for a certificate regarding plants for planting that originate from Turkish provinces other than Istanbul. For the 10 remaining selected pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Turkey were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For the selected pests an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with D. bulgarica being the pest most frequently expected on the imported plants. The expert knowledge elicitation indicated with 95% certainty that between 9,863 and 10,000 bundles (consisting of 10 or 25 plants each) per 10,000 would be free from D. bulgarica .

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Section: Pra Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Malus Domesticamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pra Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Commodity risk assessment of Malus domestica plants from Turkey

Bragard¹,

Baptista²,

Chatzivassiliou³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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“…However, recent identification of mating type (MAT) idiomorphs in the genome of several Diplodia species provided indirect evidence for occurrence of a cryptic, heterothallic sexual reproduction in their life cycle (Bihon et al, 2014;Lopes et al, 2018). Although there is no information either on the presence of MAT idiomorphs in the genome or occurrence of sexual reproduction in D. bulgarica, Zeynali Bari et al (2021) assumed that the pathogen probably has a cryptic sexual stage that contributed to the high number of genotypes detected in the West Azerbaijan province of Iran.…”

Section: Biology Of the Pestmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(e.g. D. malorum, D. intermedia ) or other phylogenetically related Diplodia species, such as D. cupressi and D. tsugae (Phillips et al., 2012; Nabi et al., 2020; Nourian et al., 2021; Zeynali Bari et al., 2021). There are no species‐specific primers available for the in planta identification of the pathogen.…”

Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest categorisation of Diplodia bulgarica

Bragard¹,

Baptista²,

Chatzivassiliou³

et al. 2023

EFS2

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The EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Diplodia bulgarica, a clearly defined plant pathogenic fungus of the family Botryosphaeriaceae. The pathogen affects Malus domestica, M. sylvestris and Pyrus communis causing various symptoms such as canker, twig blight, gummosis, pre‐ and post‐harvest fruit rot, dieback and tree decline. The pathogen is present in Asia (India, Iran, Türkiye) and in non‐EU Europe (Serbia). Concerning the EU, the pathogen is present in Bulgaria and widespread in Germany. There is a key uncertainty on the geographical distribution of D. bulgarica worldwide and in the EU, because in the past, when molecular tools were not available, the pathogen might have been misidentified as other Diplodia species (e.g. D. intermedia, D. malorum, D. mutila, D. seriata) or other members of the Botryosphaeriaceae family affecting apple and pear based only on morphology and pathogenicity tests. Diplodia bulgarica is not included in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. Plants for planting, other than seeds, fresh fruits, and bark and wood of host plants as well as soil and other plant‐growing media carrying plant debris are the main pathways for the further entry of the pathogen into the EU. Host availability and climate suitability factors are favourable for the further establishment of the pathogen in the EU. In the areas of its present distribution, including Germany, the pathogen has a direct impact on cultivated hosts. Phytosanitary measures are available to prevent the further introduction and spread of the pathogen into the EU. Diplodia bulgarica satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as potential Union quarantine pest.

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