Genetic variation of varicella-zoster virus: Evidence for geographical separation of strains

Barrett-Muir, Winsome Y.; Scott, Fiona; Aaby, Péter; John, Jacob; Matondo, P; Chaudhry, Q.L.; Siqueira, Marilda Agudo Mendonça Teixeira de; Poulsen, Anja; Yaminishi, K.; Breuer, Judith

doi:10.1002/jmv.10319

Cited by 81 publications

(118 citation statements)

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“…For reasons that remain unclear, seasonality does not occur in tropical countries, and a larger proportion of people enter adulthood uninfected by VZV (14, 15). In addition, several studies have demonstrated a distinctive geographic distribution of the major VZV genotypes aligning with cool versus warm global climates (2,18,28). It is unclear whether the strain distribution is actually driven primarily by climate or by other factors, such as immigration patterns.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Whole-genome screening for SNPs using a heteroduplex mobility assay was used to identify variants of VZV circulating in the United Kingdom and elsewhere (2,21), an approach that evaluated selected SNPs in ORFs 1, 21, 50, and 54. The method was modified to include more SNPs with the expectation of improving capacity to discriminate genotypes, but results were similar to those obtained using the original method (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Identification of Five Major and Two Minor Genotypes of Varicella-Zoster Virus Strains: a Practical Two-Amplicon Approach Used To Genotype Clinical Isolates in Australia and New Zealand

Loparev

Rubtcova

Boštíková

et al. 2007

J Virol

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Whole genome phylogenetic analysis in this study resolved a total of five major genotypes among the 22 varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strains or isolates for which complete genomic sequences are available. Consistent with earlier publications we have designated these genotypes European 1 (E1), European 2 (E2), Japanese (J), mosaic 1 (M1), and mosaic 2 (M2). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis performed in a whole-genome alignment revealed that VZV isolates of all five genotypes can be accurately genotyped using SNPs from two amplicons: open reading frame 22 (ORF22) and either ORF21 or ORF50. This modified approach identifies all of the genotypes observed using any of the published genotyping protocols. Of 165 clinical varicella and zoster isolates from Australia and New Zealand typed using this approach, 67 of 127 eastern Australian isolates were E1, 30 were E2, 16 were J, 10 were M1, and 4 were M2; 25 of 38 New Zealand isolates were E1, 8 were E2, and 5 were M1. VZV strain diversity in eastern Australia is thus broader than has been described for any other region, including Europe, Africa, and North America. J strains were far more prevalent than previously observed in countries other than Japan. Two-amplicon typing was in complete accord with genotypes derived using SNP in multiple ORFs (ORFs 1, 21, 22, 38, 50, 54, and 62). Two additional minor genotypes, M3 and M4, could also be resolved using two-amplicon typing.Varicella (chickenpox) results from primary infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which characteristically occurs early in life and usually follows a benign course (1). A lifelong latent infection is established on first exposure and can reactivate, typically after age 50, to cause zoster (shingles). VZV can be transmitted to susceptible persons from either disease condition, although zoster carries a significantly lower risk of transmission. Transmission from zoster can reintroduce strains that were circulating decades earlier and, as such, likely contributes to the genetic stability of VZV. The epidemiology of VZV infection varies geographically. Varicella displays a marked seasonality (peaking in late winter or spring) in temperate climates, and infection is nearly ubiquitous by age 20. For reasons that remain unclear, seasonality does not occur in tropical countries, and a larger proportion of people enter adulthood uninfected by VZV (14, 15). In addition, several studies have demonstrated a distinctive geographic distribution of the major VZV genotypes aligning with cool versus warm global climates (2,18,28). It is unclear whether the strain distribution is actually driven primarily by climate or by other factors, such as immigration patterns.A number of methods have been reported for identifying and genotyping VZV strains (4,18,21). Early VZV typing efforts relied on DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, an approach that first demonstrated the high degree of sequence conservation among VZV strains. Nevertheless, some intrastrain variation among wild-type i...

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Identification of Five Major and Two Minor Genotypes of Varicella-Zoster Virus Strains: a Practical Two-Amplicon Approach Used To Genotype Clinical Isolates in Australia and New Zealand

Loparev

Rubtcova

Boštíková

et al. 2007

J Virol

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“…It must also be borne in mind that herpes zoster in vaccinated subjects may be due to the vaccine virus or De Paschale M et al . Microbiology laboratory in mother-child VZV infection the wild-type virus, and there also the possibility of their recombination [5,30,221,234,235] . The vaccine may also be useful in preventing varicella if administered within 3-5 d of exposure to infection due to contact, even if not entirely prevents it [5,[236][237][238] .…”

Section: Prevention and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiology laboratory and the management of mother-child varicella-zoster virus infection

Paschale

Clerici

2016

WJV

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Varicella-zoster virus, which is responsible for varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles), is ubiquitous and causes an acute infection among children, especially those aged less than six years. As 90% of adults have had varicella in childhood, it is unusual to encounter an infected pregnant woman but, if the disease does appear, it can lead to complications for both the mother and fetus or newborn. The major maternal complications include pneumonia, which can lead to death if not treated. If the virus passes to the fetus, congenital varicella syndrome, neonatal varicella (particularly serious if maternal rash appears in the days immediately before or after childbirth) or herpes zoster in the early years of life may occur depending on the time of infection. A Microbiology laboratory can help in the diagnosis and management of mother-child infection at four main times: (1) when a pregnant woman has been exposed to varicella or herpes zoster, a prompt search for specific antibodies can determine whether she is susceptible to, or protected against infection; (2) when a pregnant woman develops clinical symptoms consistent with varicella, the diagnosis is usually clinical, but a laboratory can be crucial if the symptoms are doubtful or otherwise unclear (atypical patterns in immunocompromised subjects, patients with post-vaccination varicella, or subjects who have received immunoglobulins), or if there is a need for a differential diagnosis between varicella and other types of dermatoses with vesicle formation; (3) when a prenatal diagnosis of uterine infection is required in order to detect cases of congenital varicella syndrome after the onset of varicella in the mother; and (4) when the baby is born and it is necessary to confirm a diagnosis of varicella (and its complications), make a differential diagnosis between varicella and other diseases with similar symptoms, or confirm a causal relationship between maternal varicella and malformations in a newborn. Core tip: Although varicella during pregnancy is infrequent and congenital varicella syndrome (CVS) is rare, every available means should be used to prevent and diagnose them. Microbiology laboratories can be crucial in these situations: Evaluating a mother's immune status with sensitive and specific tests for the detection of antibodies; allowing a rapid diagnosis with molecular biology tests when a clinical manifestation may be due to different etiologies; following pregnant women with varicella for the prenatal diagnosis of CVS with close collaboration between molecular biology investigators and specialists in imaging diagnostics.De Paschale M, Clerici P. Microbiology laboratory and the management of mother-child varicella-zoster virus infection. World

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“…VZV genome has been noted to be highly conserved (4~7). The herpesviruses in that the natural mutation rate was estimated to range between 10 -6 and 10 -7 substitution/ site/year (8,9), while that of herpes simplex virus type 1 ranged between 10 -4 and 10 -5 substitution/site/year (7,9).…”

Section: Coding Region Of the Vzv Genomes Consists Of 74 Openmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Repeat Sequences of Varicella-Zoster Virus

Won

Kim

et al. 2014

J Bacteriol Virol

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Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a causative agent for shingles and herpes zoster. The genomes of VZV contain five reiteration (R) sequences and an origin of replication (ORI) sequences composed of tandem repeats whose numbers vary among different strains. Variation of the genome lengths among VZV strains could be attributed by the lengths of R sequences. There was a strong correlation between the lengths of VZV genome and R sequences, while variation of ORI did not contribute the variation of VZV genome length. The high G+C contents of The R sequences in ORF11, 14 and 22 influenced the codon usage of VZV in these ORFs. None of the most frequent 5 codons in R sequences was included in the top 5 most frequent codon in ORF11-14-22 or VZV genome, and vice versa.

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Genetic variation of varicella-zoster virus: Evidence for geographical separation of strains

Cited by 81 publications

References 10 publications

Identification of Five Major and Two Minor Genotypes of Varicella-Zoster Virus Strains: a Practical Two-Amplicon Approach Used To Genotype Clinical Isolates in Australia and New Zealand

Identification of Five Major and Two Minor Genotypes of Varicella-Zoster Virus Strains: a Practical Two-Amplicon Approach Used To Genotype Clinical Isolates in Australia and New Zealand

Microbiology laboratory and the management of mother-child varicella-zoster virus infection

Characterization of the Repeat Sequences of Varicella-Zoster Virus

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