Genetic variation of gross gill pathology and survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) during natural amoebic gill disease challenge

Taylor, Richard; Kube, Peter; Müller, W. J.; Elliott, Nicholas

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.06.007

Cited by 56 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…These include viral infectivity of fin explants, or fibroblastic cell lines from cloned trout, that correlate with the susceptibility of either the progeny or the adult fish stocks to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus [50], [51]. In Atlantic salmon, gill lesion score is correlated with survival results following experimental amoebic gill disease challenge or natural infection [52], [53]. At present, we have not identified a mechanistic connection between spleen size and BCWD resistance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Assessment of Genetic Correlation between Bacterial Cold Water Disease Resistance and Spleen Index in a Domesticated Population of Rainbow Trout: Identification of QTL on Chromosome Omy19

et al. 2013

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Selective breeding of animals for increased disease resistance is an effective strategy to reduce mortality in aquaculture. However, implementation of selective breeding programs is limited by an incomplete understanding of host resistance traits. We previously reported results of a rainbow trout selection program that demonstrated increased survival following challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease (BCWD). Mechanistic study of disease resistance identified a positive phenotypic correlation between post-challenge survival and spleen somatic-index (SI). Herein, we investigated the hypothesis of a genetic correlation between the two traits influenced by colocalizing QTL. We evaluated the inheritance and calculated the genetic correlation in five year-classes of odd- and even-year breeding lines. A total of 322 pedigreed families (n = 25,369 fish) were measured for disease resistance, and 251 families (n = 5,645 fish) were evaluated for SI. Spleen index was moderately heritable in both even-year (h2 = 0.56±0.18) and odd-year (h2 = 0.60±0.15) lines. A significant genetic correlation between SI and BCWD resistance was observed in the even-year line (rg = 0.45±0.20, P = 0.03) but not in the odd-year line (rg = 0.16±0.12, P = 0.19). Complex segregation analyses of the even-year line provided evidence of genes with major effect on SI, and a genome scan of a single family, 2008132, detected three significant QTL on chromosomes Omy19, 16 and 5, in addition to ten suggestive QTL. A separate chromosome scan for disease resistance in family 2008132 identified a significant BCWD QTL on Omy19 that was associated with time to death and percent survival. In family 2008132, Omy19 microsatellite alleles that associated with higher disease resistance also associated with increased spleen size raising the hypothesis that closely linked QTL contribute to the correlation between these traits. To our knowledge, this is the first estimation of spleen size heritability and evidence for genetic linkage with specific disease resistance in a teleost fish.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Assessment of Genetic Correlation between Bacterial Cold Water Disease Resistance and Spleen Index in a Domesticated Population of Rainbow Trout: Identification of QTL on Chromosome Omy19

et al. 2013

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“…The gill index (average gross gill score) was assessed at 5, 7 and 11 days post‐inoculation (dpi) on a subsample of 40 fish. Amoebic gill disease severity was quantified via gross gill scoring as a single score across all 16 gill surfaces using a 6‐point (0–5) categorical scale (Taylor, Kube, Muller, & Elliott, ). At 11 dpi when the gill index reached 1.3, the H 2 O 2 treatments were performed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to assess the host response to H 2 O 2 at different temperatures, three fish from each bathing treatment group were randomly subsampled at 1 hr, 1 day, 2 days, 7 days and 14 days post‐treatment. Fish were killed with 100 mg/L Aqui‐S and gross gill score recorded as previously described (Taylor et al, ). Whole blood was retrieved from the caudal vein using a 21‐gauge needle and 3‐ml heparinized syringe and centrifuged at 500 g for 10 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following killing on day 15 post‐treatment, the severity of AGD was examined using two established methods, gross gill score and quantitative PCR specific to N. perurans . The gross gill score was quantified as described by Taylor et al (). To perform PCR, all eight (anterior and posterior) surfaces of the right‐side gill arches were swabbed using a disposable sterile cotton swab.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The interaction between temperature and dose on the efficacy and biochemical response of Atlantic salmon to hydrogen peroxide treatment for amoebic gill disease

Wynne

Stratford

Slinger

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a commonly used treatment for a range of parasitic diseases of marine finfish, including amoebic gill disease (AGD). While this treatment is partially effective at reducing parasite load, H2O2 can have detrimental effects on the host under certain conditions. Treatment temperature and dose concentration are two factors that are known to influence the toxicity of H2O2; however, their impact on the outcome of AGD treatment remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of treatment temperature (8, 12 or 16°C) and dose concentration (750, 1,000, 1,250 mg/L) on the efficacy of H2O2 to treat AGD. We demonstrated that a 20‐min bath treatment of H2O2 at all doses reduced both parasite load and gross gill score significantly. Parasite load and gross gill score were lowest in the 1,000 mg/L treatment performed at 12°C. At the high dose and temperature combinations, H2O2 caused moderate gill damage and a significant increase in the plasma concentration of electrolytes (sodium, chloride and potassium). Taken together, our study demonstrates that higher H2O2 treatment temperatures can adversely affect the host and do not improve the effectiveness of the treatment.

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“…Disease resistance used to be considered a difficult trait to improve by genetic selection based on low heritability estimates for some fish species (Gjedrem, 1985). But lately, numerous studies have reported moderate to high heritability for disease resistance and/or survival in fish species due to improvements in challenge techniques (Gjerde et al, 2009;Henryon et al, 2005;Johnson et al, 2007;Lillehammer et al, 2013;Ødegård et al, 2007;Taylor et al, 2009), indicating that selective breeding to enhance disease resistance can be successful. In contrast, such estimates for disease resistance are absent for oyster species except for OsHV-1 lvar resistance in Crassostrea gigas (Dégremont et al, 2015a,b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic improvement for disease resistance in oysters: A review

Dégremont

Garcia

Allen

2015

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

114

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Oyster species suffer from numerous disease outbreaks, often causing high mortality. Because the environment cannot be controlled, genetic improvement for disease resistance to pathogens is an attractive option to reduce their impact on oyster production. We review the literature on selective breeding programs for disease resistance in oyster species, and the impact of triploidy on such resistance. Significant response to selection to improve disease resistance was observed in all studies after two to four generations of selection for Haplosporidium nelsoni and Roseovarius crassostrea in Crassostrea virginica, OsHV-1 in Crassostrea gigas, and Martelia sydneyi in Saccostrea glomerata. Clearly, resistance in these cases was heritable, but most of the studies failed to provide estimates for heritability or genetic correlations with other traits, e.g., between resistance to one disease and another. Generally, it seems breeding for higher resistance to one disease does not confer higher resistance or susceptibility to another disease. For disease resistance in triploid oysters, several studies showed that triploidy confers neither advantage nor disadvantage in survival, e.g., OsHV-1 resistance in C. gigas. Other studies showed higher disease resistance of triploids over diploid as observed in C. virginica and S. glomerata. One indirect mechanism for triploids to avoid disease was to grow faster, thus limiting the span of time when oysters might be exposed to disease.

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Genetic variation of gross gill pathology and survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) during natural amoebic gill disease challenge

Cited by 56 publications

References 47 publications

Assessment of Genetic Correlation between Bacterial Cold Water Disease Resistance and Spleen Index in a Domesticated Population of Rainbow Trout: Identification of QTL on Chromosome Omy19

Assessment of Genetic Correlation between Bacterial Cold Water Disease Resistance and Spleen Index in a Domesticated Population of Rainbow Trout: Identification of QTL on Chromosome Omy19

The interaction between temperature and dose on the efficacy and biochemical response of Atlantic salmon to hydrogen peroxide treatment for amoebic gill disease

Genetic improvement for disease resistance in oysters: A review

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