Genetic Variance in Homophobia: Evidence from Self- and Peer Reports

Zapko–Willmes, Alexandra; Kandler, Christian

doi:10.1007/s10519-017-9884-9

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The heritability estimates produced by the models incorporating peer data were substantially lower, and nonshared environmental influences were higher. Heritability estimates for social attitudes do tend to be lower in peer- versus self-report studies, 79,80 but the magnitude of the difference across measurement types was contrary to expectation and gives one pause when interpreting previous work on liberalism/conservatism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Genetic and environmental influences on sociopolitical attitudes

2018

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A new paradigm has emerged in which both genetic and environmental factors are cited as possible influences on sociopolitical attitudes. Despite the increasing acceptance of this paradigm, several aspects of the approach remain underdeveloped. Specifically, limitations arise from a reliance on a twins-only design, and all previous studies have used self-reports only. There are also questions about the extent to which existing findings generalize cross-culturally. To address those issues, this study examined individual differences in liberalism/conservatism in a German sample that included twins, their parents, and their spouses and incorporated both self- and peer reports. The self-report findings from this extended twin family design were largely consistent with previous research that used that rater perspective, but they provided higher estimates of heritability, shared parental environmental influences, assortative mating, and genotype-environment correlation than the results from peer reports. The implications of these findings for the measurement and understanding of sociopolitical attitudes are explored.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Genetic and environmental influences on sociopolitical attitudes

2018

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“…In contrast to the strict social sciences’ point of view, the heritability estimates for political opinions and ideologies—including broad political orientations, such as conservatism (Jost, 2006), right-wing authoritarianism (Altemeyer, 1996), and social dominance orientation (Pratto, Sidanius, Stallworth, & Malle, 1994), or specific political opinions, such as attitudes toward homosexuals—range from moderate to high (Alford, Funk, & Hibbing, 2005; Bell, Schermer, & Vernon, 2009; Kandler, Bell, & Riemann, 2016; Zapko-Willmes & Kandler, 2018). However, it has been argued that the closeness to a certain party might be more environmentally influenced than individual differences in political attitudes in general.…”

Section: Behavior Genetic Research On Political Orientation and Party...mentioning

confidence: 98%

Genetic and environmental variation in political orientation in adolescence and early adulthood: A Nuclear Twin Family analysis.

Hufer¹,

Kornadt²,

Kandler³

et al. 2020

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Political orientation is often assumed to be shaped by socialization processes; however, previous studies have shown substantial genetic variance components in party affiliation, political attitudes and behaviors, or closely related personality traits. The majority of these studies have relied on the Classical Twin Design, which comes with restrictive assumptions, some of which are easily violated. Moreover, most analyses lack a perspective of age-group differences. In this study, we investigated political orientation in adolescents (age: 16–18) and young adults (age: 21–25) in a cross-sectional Nuclear Twin Family Design. We used data of the German TwinLife project, including data from same-sex twins reared together, their biological parents, and nontwin full siblings. We found genetic variation in political orientation, which was significant in the older cohort, possibly indicating an increasing importance of active gene-environment correlation from adolescence to adulthood. Individual differences in political orientation because of passive gene-environment correlation and shared environmental effects were larger in the younger cohort, substantiating the same theoretical consideration and the importance of shared socialization contexts for adolescents’ political views. By running Nuclear Twin Family model analyses, and considering age-group differences, as well as the relationship of political orientation with the Big Five personality traits, our study extended previous work, and resulted in more robust and fine-grained estimates of genetic and environmental sources of variance in political orientation. Therefore, it contributed to a better understanding of the complex nature–nurture interplay that forms political orientation in emerging adulthood.

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“…All measurable human differences have genetic correlations. Researchers have found that income, marital status, health insurance coverage, homophobia, military service, frequency of bread eating, and dog ownership are all heritable (Beaver et al, 2015; Fall et al, 2019; Hasselbalch et al, 2010; Hyytinen et al, 2019; Trumbetta et al, 2007; Wehby & Shane, 2019; Zapko-Willmes & Kandler, 2018). Obviously, human genes do not code for whether someone enrolls in health care coverage or joins the military.…”

Section: Claim 4 Hitop Will Lead To Genetic Discoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Folk Classification and Factor Rotations: Whales, Sharks, and the Problems With the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)

Haeffel

Jeronimus

Kaiser

et al. 2021

Clinical Psychological Science

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The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) uses factor analysis to group self-reported symptoms of mental illness (i.e., like goes with like). It is hailed as a significant improvement over other diagnostic taxonomies. However, the purported advantages and fundamental assumptions of HiTOP have received little, if any, scientific scrutiny. We critically evaluated five fundamental claims about HiTOP. We conclude that HiTOP does not demonstrate a high degree of verisimilitude and has the potential to hinder progress on understanding the etiology of psychopathology. It does not lend itself to theory building or taxonomic evolution, and it cannot account for multifinality, equifinality, or developmental and etiological processes. In its current form, HiTOP is not ready to use in clinical settings and may result in algorithmic bias against underrepresented groups. We recommend a bifurcation strategy moving forward in which the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is used in clinical settings while researchers focus on developing a falsifiable theory-based classification system.

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Genetic Variance in Homophobia: Evidence from Self- and Peer Reports

Cited by 5 publications

References 34 publications

Genetic and environmental influences on sociopolitical attitudes

Genetic and environmental influences on sociopolitical attitudes

Genetic and environmental variation in political orientation in adolescence and early adulthood: A Nuclear Twin Family analysis.

Folk Classification and Factor Rotations: Whales, Sharks, and the Problems With the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)

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