Genetic Variability of Some Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Isolates and the Effect of the Virus on the Tomato (Solanum lycopersicom L.) Plant Content of Some Mineral Elements

This study was conducted to determine the reaction of 14 tomato (Solanum lycopersicom) genotypes to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), and the effect of the virus on the fruit content of the genotypes Narcan, 123, and Summer 21. The field experiment was carried out in the western orchards of Samawah, Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq. All experiments analyzing mineral elements in tomato fruits were done in laboratories of Ghayat Al-Marefa Company, Babylon. The results of inoculation of the tomato genotypes with TYLCV and testing them by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that all these genotypes were susceptible to the virus with the difference of those genotypes in the time of appearance and severity of disease symptoms. The genotypes Nahrayn and Summer 21 were the most severely infected with TYLCV (96 and 87%, respectively) compared with the other genotypes. It was also found that the virus had a clear effect on the decrease in the fruit genotypes contents of the samples tested (123, Narcan, and Summer 21) of mineral elements of iron and zinc that reached 26.80 and 28.88 mg/L, respectively, and substantially different from their given values, which were 32.94 and 34.73 mg/L, respectively, in unaffected plants. Moreover, results proved that the content of TYLCV-infected fruits decreased significantly (1.26 mmol. L-1) with a significant difference from its normal level in non-infected plants which was 1.8 mmol. L-1. Results also showed that TYLCV had a significant effect in reducing the concentrations of magnesium and phosphorous (0.244 and 0.248%), respectively, in the fruits of tomato genotypes compared with their concentrations in non-infected plants that were 0.348 and 0.383%, respectively.

Section: Infection Severitysupporting

confidence: 92%

Effect of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) on the Content of some Mineral Elements in the Fruits of some Tomato (Solanum lycopersicom L.) Genotypes

Karem,

Al-Abedy,

Kadhim

2023

“…In another study, it was observed that infection with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) caused curling and yellowing of tomato leaves, resulting in a significant increase in the levels of sodium and potassium in the infected plants. This led to a state of stress in the plant as a defensive mechanism against the virus, causing an increase in osmotic pressure in plant cells, leading to enhanced water absorption and the uptake of some soildissolved elements [21,22]. These results are consistent with what [23] found in a study conducted on tomato plants infected with Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV).…”

Section: Phosphorussupporting

confidence: 66%

“…This had a negative effect on the division and elongation of the infected plant cells, resulting in the appearance of disease symptoms, such as dwarfing [29,30 and 31]. [22] tested ten cultivars of tomato plants and found that the level of gibberellin hormone decreased significantly when they were infected with TYLCV, while the level of cytokinin hormone increased significantly compared to the non-infected control treatment. Vitamin levels can decrease in plants infected with viruses due to the virus's inhibition or inactivation of enzymes.…”

Section: The Effect Of CMV Infection On Carbohydrate Content In Tomat...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cucumber mosaic virus Infection on Certain Mineral Elements, Vitamin C, Carbohydrates and Enzymes of some Tomato Cultivars

Al-Shammari,

Al-Abedy,

Farhood

2023

This study aimed to test the response of certain components in tomato plants against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and to understand the impact of the infection on the content of some mineral elements (calcium, potassium, and phosphorus), vitamin C, carbohydrates, and enzymes (peroxidases and catalases), as well as the amino acid proline in tomato fruits for ten tomato cultivars. The study was conducted in the Plant Viruses Laboratory and plastic greenhouses, Plant Protection Department at the College of Agriculture, University of Karbala, during the growing season 2022-2023. The results of sensitivity testing for the ten cultivars used in the study showed that sensitivity varies among different cultivars. Some cultivars, namely Madena, Zenga, and Joleen, demonstrated lower sensitivity (44.44%, 46.66%, and 50% respectively) compared to certain cultivars classified as highly sensitive to CMV, such as Heba and Bayan, with sensitivity values of 88.88% and 100% respectively. The results showed that viral infection had a clear effect on reducing the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the cultivars infected with CMV. The Basmah and Heba cultivars were the most affected, with levels reaching 28.10 mmol.L-1 and 1.92 mmol.L-1, respectively. These levels were significantly different from their levels in non-infected plants, which were 44.30 mmol.L-1 and 3.22 mmol.L-1, respectively. Furthermore, viral infection also had a significant impact on reducing the levels of carbohydrates and vitamin C, with rates of 27.03% and 6.62 mg g-1 FW (fresh weight), respectively. On the other hand, the levels of potassium, peroxidases, catalases, and the amino acid proline increased in the cultivars infected with CMV, reaching levels of 79.93 ppm, 11.53 U.mL-1, 1.47 U.mL-1, and 62.4 μg ml-1, respectively. These levels were significantly different from those in non-infected plants, which were 45.57 ppm, 4.49 U.ml-1, 0.63 U.ml-1, and 28.6 μg ml-1, respectively.

“…In another study, it was observed that the infection with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) caused a significant increase in the levels of sodium and potassium in the infected plants. This increase led to a state of stress in the plant as a defensive mechanism against the virus, resulting in an increase in osmotic pressure in plant cells, leading to enhanced water and dissolved mineral uptake from the soil [19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Lead (Pb)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cucumber mosaic virus Infection on the Chemical Content of some Genotypes of Tomato Plant (Solanum lycopersicom L.)

Al-Shammari,

Al-Abedy,

Farhood

2023

This study was conducted in the Plant Viruses laboratory and plastic houses at the Department of Plant Protection/College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, during the growing season of 2022-2023. The aim of this study was to test the response of some tomato genotypes against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and to understand the impact of the infection on the mineral content (sodium, iron, and lead), plant hormones (gibberellins and cytokinins), and chemical compounds (total phenols) in tomato fruits. The results of testing genotypes of tomato plants (Bayan, Heba Madina, Mercur, Oscar, Emmylou, Basmah, Plato, Zenga, and Joleene) showed that all genotypes were sensitive to infection, with varying sensitivey degrees. It was found that the genotypes Bayan and Heba were the most sensitive to infection with CMV at 88.88% and 100%, respectively. On the other hand, the genotypes Madina, Joleene, and Zenga were the least sensitive to infection, with infection rates of 31.11%, 44.44%, and 46.66%, respectively. The results also demonstrated that viral infection had a significant effect on reducing the levels of the iron and lead in the genotypes infected with CMV, and the genotypes Basmah and Heba were the most affected (with a significant difference) with levels of 0.018 ppm and 0.016 mmol L-1, respectively, compared to their levels in non-infected plants, which were 0.023 ppm and 0.024 mmol L-1, respectively. Additionally, it was observed that viral infection had a significant impact on reducing the level of the gibberellin hormone, with a decrease of 53.53 μg ml-1, and an increase in the levels of sodium, cytokinin hormone, and phenols in the genotypes infected with the CMV, with levels of 0.38 ppm, 87.56 μg ml-1, and 0.45 mg g-1 dry weight, respectively, compared to their levels in non-infected plants, which were 55.30 μg ml-1, 0.22 ppm, and 31.32 μg ml-1, and 0.42 mg g-1 dry weight, respectively.