Abstract:Abstract. Rahayuwati S, Kusumah YM, Prawirosukarto S, Dadang, Santoso T. 2020. Genetic variability of Indonesian Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) as genus of Alphanudivirus. Biodiversitas 21: 2047-2055. Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) is known as a successful classical biological control agent. Recent reports have revealed differences in pathogenicity among OrNV isolates, with correlation suspected between virus virulence and genetic variability. The aim of the research is to study the genetic variabili… Show more
“…Infection periods and mortality rates of CRB larvae differed after infection with OrNV isolates from the Philippines and Western Samoa ( Zelazny 1977 ). Similarly, genetic variability of OrNV isolates sampled from different locations within Malaysia and Indonesia are also reported ( Ramle et al 2005 , Rahayuwati et al 2020 ). Therefore, improved understanding of interactions between CRB and entomopathogens (e.g., OrNV, Metarhizium ) in different regions are especially important for development and implementation of targeted region-specific biological control programs.…”
Section: Managing the New Wave Of Crb Invasion Using Bcas: Future Permentioning
The coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB: Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus) is one of the most damaging pests to coconut and oil palms in Asia and the Pacific Islands. Adults bore into the crown and damage developing fronds, which affects tree development and yield. The insect is native to South and Southeast Asia and was inadvertently introduced into the Pacific in 1909. It has since spread to several Pacific island nations and territories, causing significant economic impact on these important coconut and palm-growing regions. In the 1950s and 1960s, an international biological control effort was initiated to search for and release natural enemy species. Release of the Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus Huger (OrNV) and the species complex of Metarhizium Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) was successful in controlling CRB in its invaded range. Recently a new biotype of the beetle, known as CRB-G, has spread into the Pacific Islands causing unprecedented levels of damage due to the failure of previously successful biological control agents (BCAs) to suppress this biotype. The re-emergence of CRB as a serious pest warrants a rigorous re-evaluation of potential BCAs and a new search for effective natural enemies if necessary. In this article, we review literature on CRB to 1) analyze past introductions of BCAs and their effectiveness; 2) identify potentially important natural enemies and their geographical origins; and 3) assess possible approaches for utilization of BCAs against the new wave of CRB invasion. Research gaps and directions deserving future attention are highlighted and a strategy for renovation of biological controls for CRB suggested.
“…Infection periods and mortality rates of CRB larvae differed after infection with OrNV isolates from the Philippines and Western Samoa ( Zelazny 1977 ). Similarly, genetic variability of OrNV isolates sampled from different locations within Malaysia and Indonesia are also reported ( Ramle et al 2005 , Rahayuwati et al 2020 ). Therefore, improved understanding of interactions between CRB and entomopathogens (e.g., OrNV, Metarhizium ) in different regions are especially important for development and implementation of targeted region-specific biological control programs.…”
Section: Managing the New Wave Of Crb Invasion Using Bcas: Future Permentioning
The coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB: Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus) is one of the most damaging pests to coconut and oil palms in Asia and the Pacific Islands. Adults bore into the crown and damage developing fronds, which affects tree development and yield. The insect is native to South and Southeast Asia and was inadvertently introduced into the Pacific in 1909. It has since spread to several Pacific island nations and territories, causing significant economic impact on these important coconut and palm-growing regions. In the 1950s and 1960s, an international biological control effort was initiated to search for and release natural enemy species. Release of the Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus Huger (OrNV) and the species complex of Metarhizium Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) was successful in controlling CRB in its invaded range. Recently a new biotype of the beetle, known as CRB-G, has spread into the Pacific Islands causing unprecedented levels of damage due to the failure of previously successful biological control agents (BCAs) to suppress this biotype. The re-emergence of CRB as a serious pest warrants a rigorous re-evaluation of potential BCAs and a new search for effective natural enemies if necessary. In this article, we review literature on CRB to 1) analyze past introductions of BCAs and their effectiveness; 2) identify potentially important natural enemies and their geographical origins; and 3) assess possible approaches for utilization of BCAs against the new wave of CRB invasion. Research gaps and directions deserving future attention are highlighted and a strategy for renovation of biological controls for CRB suggested.
“…6 ) 15 , 16 . This clade was part of a larger clade containing the Palau1 and LiboV isolates, as well as DNA polymerase sequences from two of a set of nine Indonesian isolates 17 . Figure 6 Relationships among OrNV isolates inferred from alignment of DNA polymerase nucleotide sequences.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To infer the relationships among OrNV isolates on the basis of nucleotide sequence alignments, the DNA polymerase ORFs of completely sequenced isolates (Table 2 ), OrNV-PV505 16 , and a set of nine isolates from Indonesia 17 were aligned by MUSCLE as implemented in Lasergene MegAlign Pro v. 17 (DNAStar). Phylogeny was inferred by maximum likelihood using MEGA X 28 with the Tamura-Nei (TN93) model 41 , with ambiguous data eliminated prior to analysis.…”
Coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, is a pest of palm trees in the Pacific. Recently, a remarkable degree of palm damage reported in Guam, Hawaii, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands has been associated with a particular haplotype (clade I), known as “CRB-G”. In the Palau Archipelago, both CRB-G and another haplotype (clade IV) belonging to the CRB-S cluster coexist in the field. In this study, more than 75% of pheromone trap-captured adults of both haplotypes were Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV)-positive by PCR. No significant difference in OrNV prevalence between the haplotypes was detected. In PCR-positive CRB-G tissue specimens from Palau, viral particles were observed by electron microscopy. Hemocoel injection of CRB larvae with crude virus homogenates from these tissues resulted in viral infection and mortality. OrNV isolated from Palauan-sourced CRB was designated as OrNV-Palau1. Both OrNV-Palau1 and OrNV-X2B, a CRB biological control isolate released in the Pacific, were propagated using the FRI-AnCu-35 cell line for production of inoculum. However, the OrNV-Palau1 isolate exhibited lower viral production levels and longer larval survival times compared to OrNV-X2B in O. rhinoceros larvae. Full genome sequences of the OrNV-Palau1 and -X2B isolates were determined and found to be closely related to each other. Altogether these results suggest CRB adults in Palau are infected with a less virulent virus, which may affect the nature and extent of OrNV-induced pathology in Palauan populations of CRB.
“…6) 15,16 . This clade was part of a larger clade containing the Palau and LiboV isolates, as well as DNA polymerase sequences from two of a set of nine Indonesian isolates 17 .…”
Section: Genome Sequencesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To infer the relationships among OrNV isolates on the basis of nucleotide sequence alignments, the DNA polymerase ORFs of completely sequenced isolates (Table 2), OrNV-PV505 (Wang et al, 2007), and a set of nine isolates from Indonesia (Rahayuwati et al, 2020) were aligned by MUSCLE as implemented in Lasergene MegAlign Pro v. 17 (DNAStar). Phylogeny was inferred by maximum likelihood using MEGA X 28 with the Tamura-Nei (TN93) model 41 OrNV-Solomon Islands MN623374…”
The coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, is a pest of palm trees in the Pacific. Recently, a remarkable degree of palm damage reported in Guam, Hawaii, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands has been associated with a particular haplotype (clade I), known as “CRB-G”, which can be distinguished by a molecular marker in the mitochondrial gene. In Palau Archipelago, it was reported that CRB-G and other haplotype (clade IV) belonging to the CRB-S cluster coexisted in the field. In this study, more than 75% of pheromone trap-captured adults of both of haplotypes were OrNV-positive by PCR. There was no significant difference in OrNV prevalence between the haplotypes. In tissues of PCR-positive CRB-G specimens from Palau, viral particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Hemocoel injection of CRB larvae with crude virus homogenates from these tissues resulted in viral infection and mortality. However, the OrNV isolates from Palauan beetles exhibited a lower level of viral production and longer larval survival times compared to OrNV isolate X2B, a typical isolate used for biological control of CRB in the Pacific. The full genome sequences of the Palauan and X2B isolates were determined and found to be closely related to each other. These results suggest that CRB adults in Palau are infected with a less virulent virus.
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