Genetic Structure of the Semai

Fix, Alan G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6769-1_7

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Population structure generally refers to "the total spectrum of biological, social, and demographic factors influencing the genetic makeup of opulations" (Fix, 1982:179). Emirical stulies of genetic variation in living Ruman populations, coupled with theoretical population genetics, have demonstrated the importance of various aspects of population structure-size of subgroups, dynamics of subgroup formation, mating patterns, etc.-in affecting the level, pattern, and distribution of genetic variation in subdivided populations (see, e.g., Fix, 1975Fix, , 1979Fix, , 1982Giles et al, 1966;Harpending, 1974;Harpending and Jenkins, 1974;Neel, 1978;Smouse and Ward, 1978;Ward, 1972Ward, ,1973Wood, 1978;Workman et al, 1973). Several studies have also shown that various polygenic systems, such as dental traits, dental measurements, and skeletal traits, can be employed to investigate the influence of population structure on genetic structure (see, e.g., Brewer-Carias et al, 1976;Cheverud and Buikstra, 1978;Friedlaender, 1975;Lane, 1977).…”

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Population structure and skeletal variation in the Late Woodland of west‐central Illinois

Conner¹

1990

American J Phys Anthropol

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This paper analyzes nonmetric trait variation in 11 late Late Woodland (ca. AD 700-1000) and one Mississippian (AD 1000-1300) skeletal samples from west-central Illinois from a population-structure perspective. Most of the sites are of the Bluff phase of Late Woodland in the lower Illinois River valley; others are from a nearby, contemporary archaeological phase. Late Woodland as a whole era (ca. AD 250-1000) was a period of marked population growth and expansion into new regional environments, trends that accompanied horticultural intensification in the area. Overall variation between sites was low, but males, females, and the total sample exhibited a significant geographic component to variation due to interregional morphological differences. The Bluff sites tended to group together relative to the non-Bluff sites. However, there was no significant geographic component to variation among the Bluff sites. The results are only partially consistent with archaeological data suggesting population growth and expansion through fissioning. Previous studies have demonstrated significant heterogeneity for nonmetric trait frequencies among Middle Woodland (ca. 100 BC to AD 250) sites, suggesting a Middle to Late Woodland change in population structure that lowered levels of morphological variation. This supports a model of increased intra- and interregional interaction from Middle to Late Woodland times developed from ceramic data by Braun and by Braun and Plog.

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Population structure and skeletal variation in the Late Woodland of west‐central Illinois

Conner¹

1990

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…In 1986 the total population exceeded 19,500 persons living primarily in the states of Perak and Pahang. There is considerable economic diversity among different geographic subgroups of Semai ranging from swidden farming to simple commodity production (Dentan, 1968;Fix, 1982;Gomes, 1986). Most of this differentiation has been due to differing degrees of articulation with the larger Malaysian economy.…”

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Semai Senoi fertility and population dynamics: Two‐census method

Fix

1989

American J Hum Biol

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The fertility and parameters of population growth of the Semai Senoi of Malaysia are studied by using a two-census method based on nonstable population theory. Semai fertility is shown to be moderately high; female completed fertility is 7.42 children and the crude birth rate is greater than 0.050. Previous estimates of Semai mortality rates are also moderately high but are insufficient to balance birth; thus, the overall rate of growth is presently nearly 2%. Compared with an earlier description of the pre-1969 Semai population, fertility has increased markedly leading to a nearly threefold increase in the annual growth rate.

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“…If we bring Fix's (1977Fix's ( , 1982 ideas on Semai-Senoi demography and population genetics to bear on the findings of Gomes (1982Gomes ( , 1983 on the demography of the Jahai Negritos and the Temuan Aboriginal Malays, a pattern emerges. Among the Jahais (at least in still or recently nomadic groups), the mean birth interval per childbearing woman is between three and four years.…”

Section: The Negrito Phenotype and The Semang Societal Traditionmentioning

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Why Have the Peninsular “Negritos” Remained Distinct?

Benjamin¹

2013

Human Biology

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The primary focus of this article is on the so-called negritos of Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand, but attention is also paid to other parts of Southeast Asia. I present a survey of current views on the "negrito" phenotype-is it single or many? If the phenotype is many (as now seems likely), it must have resulted from parallel evolution in the several different regions where it has been claimed to exist. This would suggest (contrary to certain views that have been expressed on the basis of very partial genetic data) that the phenotype originated recently and by biologically well-authenticated processes from within the neighboring populations. Whole-genome and physical-anthropological research currently support this view. Regardless of whether the negrito phenotype is ancient or recent -and to the extent that it retains any valid biological reality (which is worth questioning) -explanations are still needed for its continued distinctiveness. In the Malay Peninsula, a distinctive "Semang" societal pattern followed by most, but not all, so-called negritos may have been responsible for this by shaping familial, breeding, and demographic patterns to suit the two main modes of environmental appropriation that they have followed, probably for some millennia: nomadic foraging in the forest, and facultative dependence on exchange or labor relations with neighboring populations. The known distribution of "negritos" in the Malay Peninsula is limited to areas within relatively easy reach of archaeologically authenticated premodern transpeninsular trading and portage routes, as well as of other nonnegrito, Aslian-speaking populations engaged in swidden farming. This suggests that their continued distinctiveness has resulted from a wish to maintain a complementary advantage vis-à-vis other, less specialized populations. Nevertheless, a significant degree of discordance exists between the associated linguistic, societal-tradition, and biological patterns which suggests that other factors have also been at play. Why Have the Peninsular "Negritos" Remained Distinct?GEOFFREY BENJAMIN 1 * Abstract The primary focus of this article is on the so-called negritos of Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand, but attention is also paid to other parts of Southeast Asia. I present a survey of current views on the "negrito" phenotype-is it single or many? If the phenotype is many (as now seems likely), it must have resulted from parallel evolution in the several different regions where it has been claimed to exist. This would suggest (contrary to certain views that have been expressed on the basis of very partial genetic data) that the phenotype originated recently and by biologically well-authenticated processes from within the neighboring populations. Whole-genome and physical-anthropological research currently support this view. Regardless of whether the negrito phenotype is ancient or recent-and to the extent that it retains any valid biological reality (which is worth questioning)-explanations are still needed for ...

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Genetic Structure of the Semai

Cited by 14 publications

References 29 publications

Population structure and skeletal variation in the Late Woodland of west‐central Illinois

Population structure and skeletal variation in the Late Woodland of west‐central Illinois

Semai Senoi fertility and population dynamics: Two‐census method

Why Have the Peninsular “Negritos” Remained Distinct?

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