Genetic response of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis to thioridazine rendering the organism resistant to the agent

Recognition of mechanisms involved in bile resistance important to halting antimicrobial resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella

“…Therefore, the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump system represents another mechanism participating in fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella [24]. Besides the target gene mutations and overexpression of AcrAB-TolC efflux systems required for achieving fluoroquinolone resistance, two global regulatory systems, marRAB and soxRS, have also been associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella [24][25][26]. The marA and soxS genes code for homologous proteins that upregulate the AcrAB-TolC efflux system, whereas the marR and soxR genes code for repressor proteins that downregulate the expression of marA and soxS genes, respectively [25].…”

“…Decreased expression of a major porin, OmpF, results in decreased outer membrane permeability and thus increased resistance to several antimicrobials, including fluoroquinolones [25]. Spengler et al reported one noteworthy finding that the genes regulating and coding for the AcrAB-TolC efflux system were sequentially activated: the stress gene soxS first, followed by the regulator marA and then the transporter acrB [26].…”

Thioridazine: A Non-Antibiotic Drug Highly Effective, in Combination with First Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs, against Any Form of Antibiotic Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Due to Its Multi-Mechanisms of Action

“…The initial response of bacteria to an antibiotic or noxious agent is to over-express its efflux pumps [26,33,34,35,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88]. When the concentration of the agent is progressively increased, the genes that control and code for the efflux pumps of the responding organisms are progressively increased [33,34,35,85,87,88,89,90].…”

Insights into the transcriptome profile of mature biofilm of Salmonella Typhimurium on stainless steels surface

“…A total of 500 ng of purified RNA was used as a template for RT-qPCR performed in an ABI 7500 system, with csgD primer (F: 5′-tcctggtcttcagtagcgtaa-3′, R: 5′-tatgatggaagcggataagaa-3′), csrA primer (F: 5′-ctg gactgctgggatttttc-3′, R: 5′-catgattggcgatgaggtc-3′), mgtC primer (F: 5′-gatataatc agctctcgcgt-3′, R: 5′-tttacaagggttaggttcgg-3′), fimA primer (F: 5′-tccatcgtcctgaatga ctgcgat-3′, R: 5′-aggagacagccagcaaattagggt-3′), marA primer (F: 5′-atccgcagcc gtaaaatgac-3′, R: 5′-tggttcagcggcagcatata-3′) and soxS primer (F: 5′-aaatcgggctactc caagtg-3′, R: 5′-ctacaggcggtgacggtaat-3′) (Barak, Gorski, Naraghi-Arani, Naraghi-Arani, & Charkowski, 2005;Kautz, Dvorzhinskiy, Frye, Stevenson, & Herson, 2013;Mizusaki, Takaya, Yamamoto, & Aizawa, 2008;Spengler et al, 2012); The 2 −ΔΔCt method was used to evaluate the expression levels of each target gene in comparison to internal control of the 16s RNA gene (Livak & Schmittgen, 2001). Each reaction was performed at least in triplicate.…”