Genetic regulation of sex differences in songbirds and lizards

Wade, Juli

doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0112

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Advances in determining the genes on the X that exert a modulatory influence include identification of epigenetic regulatory genes, permitting wide-ranging effects on gene expression by autosomes. In this issue, Wade [49] also explores the importance of sex chromosome complement only in the context of nonmammalian species. In birds, the homogametic sex is males (ZZ), as opposed to females (WZ), and she reviews the intersection between hormones and chromosomes to achieve full masculinization with the intriguing speculation that the homogametic sex is always the more neutral, or default sex, and thereby more responsive to manipulations that shift development towards the other sex.…”

Section: Animal Studies Inform Humans About Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In birds, the homogametic sex is males (ZZ), as opposed to females (WZ), and she reviews the intersection between hormones and chromosomes to achieve full masculinization with the intriguing speculation that the homogametic sex is always the more neutral, or default sex, and thereby more responsive to manipulations that shift development towards the other sex. Wade [49] also exploits the variety of sex-determining mechanisms in lizards, which may be parthenogenic or not and which may have sex chromosomes or not. She speculates that the absence of sex chromosomes and sex determination by exogenous factors, such as temperature, further frees the nervous system from constraint by sex-differentiating hormones and allows for greater plasticity.…”

Section: Animal Studies Inform Humans About Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multifaceted origins of sex differences in the brain

McCarthy

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

144

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Studies of sex differences in the brain range from reductionistic cell and molecular analyses in animal models to functional imaging in awake human subjects, with many other levels in between. Interpretations and conclusions about the importance of particular differences often vary with differing levels of analyses and can lead to discord and dissent. In the past two decades, the range of neurobiological, psychological and psychiatric endpoints found to differ between males and females has expanded beyond reproduction into every aspect of the healthy and diseased brain, and thereby demands our attention. A greater understanding of all aspects of neural functioning will only be achieved by incorporating sex as a biological variable. The goal of this review is to highlight the current state of the art of the discipline of sex differences research with an emphasis on the brain and to contextualize the articles appearing in the accompanying special issue.

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Section: Animal Studies Inform Humans About Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Animal Studies Inform Humans About Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifaceted origins of sex differences in the brain

McCarthy

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

144

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“…One intriguing idea is that damage to a particular brain area (via the cannulae used to provide siRNA) modifies the response to changes in E2 levels. Similarly, a variety of pieces of evidence suggest differing responses in male and female zebra finches to alterations in E2 availability (Wade, 2016). The mechanisms responsible should be investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of TrkB limits development of the zebra finch song system

et al. 2016

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Large sexual dimorphisms exist in the zebra finch song system. Masculinization may be mediated by both estradiol and expression of one or more Z-genes (males: ZZ; females: ZW). Roles of the Z-gene tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) in HVC in masculinizing both it and its target the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) were tested using siRNA administration in juvenile males at two ages (post-hatching days 15-17 or 25-27). Birds were euthanized 10 days later. Potential interactions or additive effects with estradiol were evaluated by treating males with the estrogen synthesis inhibitor fadrozole. Females treated with estradiol were also exposed to the siRNA at the later age. Local inhibition of TrkB in males of both ages reduced the volume of HVC, an effect due to a change in cell number and not cell size. In the older males, in which the treatment spanned the period when the projection from HVC to RA grows, TrkB inhibition reduced the volume of RA and the relative number of cells within it. TrkB siRNA in HVC decreased the volume of and soma size in the RA of females, and the projection from HVC to RA in both sexes. Estradiol in females masculinized various aspects of the song system, and its effect in masculinizing the volume of RA was decreased by TrkB inhibition. However, effects of fadrozole in males were limited. The data indicate that TrkB is involved in masculinizing the song system, but for most measures it probably does not work in concert with E2.

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“…Adult Anolis carolinensis lizards were acquired from Charles D. Sullivan, Inc. (Nashville, TN) and maintained according to the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Arizona State University. Sex-differences in Anolis neural circuits, which regulate copulatory behavior, have been defined (Wade, 2016). However, sexual dimorphism in the morphology of regenerated tails has not been detected (Ritzman et al, 2012).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental and adult-specific processes contribute to de novo neuromuscular regeneration in the lizard tail

Tokuyama

Fisher

et al. 2018

Developmental Biology

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Peripheral nerves exhibit robust regenerative capabilities in response to selective injury among amniotes, but the regeneration of entire muscle groups following volumetric muscle loss is limited in birds and mammals. In contrast, lizards possess the remarkable ability to regenerate extensive de novo muscle after tail loss. However, the mechanisms underlying reformation of the entire neuromuscular system in the regenerating lizard tail are not completely understood. We have tested whether the regeneration of the peripheral nerve and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) recapitulate processes observed during normal neuromuscular development in the green anole, Anolis carolinensis. Our data confirm robust axonal outgrowth during early stages of tail regeneration and subsequent NMJ formation within weeks of autotomy. Interestingly, NMJs are overproduced as evidenced by a persistent increase in NMJ density 120 and 250 days post autotomy (DPA). Substantial Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) expression could also be detected along regenerating nerves indicating that the ability of Schwann cells to myelinate newly formed axons remained intact. Overall, our data suggest that the mechanism of de novo nerve and NMJ reformation parallel, in part, those observed during neuromuscular development. However, the prolonged increase in NMJ number and aberrant muscle differentiation hint at processes specific to the adult response. An examination of the coordinated exchange between peripheral nerves, Schwann cells, and newly synthesized muscle of the regenerating neuromuscular system may assist in the identification of candidate molecules that promote neuromuscular recovery in organisms incapable of a robust regenerative response.

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Genetic regulation of sex differences in songbirds and lizards

Cited by 5 publications

References 98 publications

Multifaceted origins of sex differences in the brain

Multifaceted origins of sex differences in the brain

Inhibition of TrkB limits development of the zebra finch song system

Developmental and adult-specific processes contribute to de novo neuromuscular regeneration in the lizard tail

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