Genetic regulation of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Abstract

Background Myocardial fibrosis is a common feature of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) but its pathophysiology has yet to be elucidated. Purpose In this study, we used a multiplex approach to examine the genetic regulation of pathways associated with fibrosis in patients undergoing septal myectomy. Methods Myocardial tissue was collected at time of surgical intervention. Control biopsy samples were obtained from the left ventricular free wall from structurally normal hearts during autopsy following non-cardiac related death. Tissue was either snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and subsequently stored at −80 degrees or collected in RNA laterTM and frozen 24 hours later at −80 degrees. Total RNA was extracted from HCM tissue samples using the Qiagen RNeasy fibrous tissues mini kit and from control samples using mirVana isolation kit (Ambion), according to the manufacturer's protocol. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed on the extracted RNA using a RT. Profiler™ Human finrosis PCR Array. Results The study cohort comprised 22 HCM samples and 5 controls. The relative regulation of genes involved in myocardial fibrosis in patients with HCM compared to controls is shown in figure 1. In patients with HCM, there was increased expression of genes involved in collagen synthesis. A significant two-fold upregulation in type III procollagen mRNA was observed relative to controls (p=0.013) with a similar trend identified for type I procollagen (1.5 fold up-regulation, p=0.081). The gene expression of MMP3 (−1.5 fold, p=0.029) and MMP8 (−1.8, p=0.002) which are involved in collaged degradation were downregulated in the HCM group. The gene expression of pro-fibrotic mediators TGF-β2 (4.8 fold, p=0.008) and CCN2 (2.9 fold, p=0.021) was also significantly elevated. Within the HCM group, there was a correlation between the fold regulation of TGF-β1 (r=0.570, p=0.006; r=0.528, p=0.012), TGF-β2 (r=0.569, p=0.006; r=0.514, p=0.014) and TGF-β3 (r=0.738, p<0.001; r=0.496, p=0.019) to gene regulation of type I and III procollagens respectively. The expression of BMP-7 which has been shown to reduce myocardial fibrosis by antagonising TGF- β mediated endothelial – mesothelial transformation of fibroblasts was also down-regulated in HCM (−3.8, p=0.015). Conclusions Genetic expression of procollagen is significantly upregulated in patients with HCM relative to controls. TGF-β and CCN2 mediated signalling appear to be key mediators in promoting collagen expression. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Other. Main funding source(s): Heart Hospital Charitable Grant, UK Figure 1. Gene expression in HCM

Data Mining Identifies CCN2 and THBS1 as Biomarker Candidates for Cardiac Hypertrophy

“…It has also been suggested that CCN2/CTGF protein could be a biomarker for comparing the severeness of heart failure [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Moreover, a recent study comparing patients that underwent septal myectomy due to cardiac hypertrophy to structurally normal hearts that were harvested following non-cardiac-related deaths showed that CCN2/CTGF was significantly upregulated and appeared to be a key mediator of myocardial fibrosis [ 29 ]. This study supports the potential role of CCN2/CTGF as a biomarker of cardiac hypertrophy.…”