Genetic reconstruction and phylogenetic analysis by 193 Y‐SNPs and 27 Y‐STRs in a Chinese Yi ethnic group

Abstract

Yi is the seventh‐largest ethnic group in China and features mountainous regional characteristics. The Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture is the largest Yi agglomeration with isolated geographical conditions, profoundly impeding genetic communication. Here, we investigated 427 unrelated males of Liangshan from 193 Y‐chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y‐SNPs) and 27 Y‐chromosome short tandem repeats (Y‐STRs) to reveal the genetic structure and paternal phylogeny of the group. The haplogroup diversity reached 0.9169 with 46 different subhaplogroups by 193 Y‐SNPs, and the haplotype diversity reached 0.9999 by 27 Y‐STR loci. Multidimensional scaling (MDS), N‐J tree, and Network were constructed to decipher and visualize the genetic relations between Yi and worldwide groups. Our results revealed: (1) the Network by Y‐STRs and Y‐SNPs showed the haplogroup D1a1a‐M15 in the Liangshan Yi population was a ramification of Tibetan groups’ expansion from west to east on the plateau; (2) the haplogroup distribution and the mismatch mutation analysis indicated the haplogroup O2a2b1a1a1a4a2‐Z25929 of Liangshan Yi derived from manifold Southeast Asian immigrants; (3) a high‐resolution Y‐SNPs panel is vital to depict accurate paternal derivations and build an integrated and refining genetic structure of ethnic groups.

Silicon Catalyzed C−O Bond Ring Closing Metathesis of Polyethers

“…It was also the group of Enthaler that observed a ring‐closing C−O bond metathesis from polytetrahydrofuran (Figure 1b) [9] . Harsh reaction conditions and the continuous removal of THF through distillation limited this process to the less prevalent polytetrahydrofuran [10] . In 2018, Morandi et al.…”

Simultaneously Generating Redox Mediator and Hybrid SEI for Lithium–oxygen Batteries by Lewis Acid Catalyzed Ring‐opening Reaction of Organic Iodine

“…Hard Lewis acid, AlCl 3 was then introduced into the IOD‐containing electrolyte to promote the release of iodine and the ring‐opening of IOD (Figure S1b, Supporting Information). [ 31 ] The reversibility of IOD/AlCl 3 ‐containing electrolyte was confirmed under O 2 atmospheres. The oxidation peak of cells with IOD/AlCl 3 ‐containing electrolyte located at ≈3.85 V, which is similar to that of LiI‐containing batteries, indicating that with the addition of AlCl 3 , the oxidation of iodine species ($$3{{\mathrm{I}}}^ - \to {\mathrm{I}}_3^ - + 2{{\mathrm{e}}}^ - $$) occurred ( Figure ).…”

Comprehensive insights into the genetic background of Chinese populations using Y chromosome markers

“…Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) containing at least the 27 Y-STR data information as the Y Filer Plus kit; (2) containing high-resolution Y-SNP information, not just under one of the major haplogroups; (3) data can be obtained from the attached table. A total of 3333 individuals were collected from five high-resolution Y-SNP-STR studies as shown in electronic supplementary material, table S1 [12][13][14][15][16]. To facilitate data analysis and statistics, we unified SNPs and STRs to a consistent level (electronic supplementary material, table S2).…”