“…In the literature, numerous studies conducted on both adults and children have provided evidence regarding the positive correlation between the frequency of early-effect biomarkers and factors such as obesity [21,22], respiratory diseases [23,24], residence in areas with high traffic levels [25], exposure to passive smoking [26,27], and inhalation or ingestion of toxic compounds formed during cooking with certain methods (grilling, on the griddle, frying, toasting) [28][29][30]. In contrast, a high level of parental education [31,32] and intake of antioxidant substances and vitamins in the diet [19,33,34] could be negatively related to the frequency of MN.…”