Genetic Polymorphisms of Antioxidant and Antiglycation Enzymes and Diabetic Complications. How Much Can we Learn from the Genes?

Abstract

There is growing evidence that reactive metabolites, such as reactive oxygen species and dicarbonyls contribute to diabetic complications. Formation, accumulation, and detoxification of these metabolites are controlled by several enzymes, some of which have genetically determined levels of expression or function. This review not only gives an overview of the different SNPs studied in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2, but in addition attempts to bridge the gap between a genetic study and clinical use. Therefore, not only the results of the studies are reviewed, but also their use in identification of subgroups where an increased or decreased risk for a diabetic complication is described, as well as their use in developing novel therapeutic options based on understanding the contribution of an enzyme to a given complication.

Elevated markers of DNA damage and senescence are associated with the progression of albuminuria and restrictive lung disease in patients with type 2 diabetes

“…Speculation may include ROS-dependent changes of kinase activity but also posttranscriptional modification of the active kinase site, or even its substrate by reactive metabolites such as ROS and dicarbonyls. 63 , 64 This is supported by other studies showing significant associations between oxidative stress and DNA damage in patients with diabetes and obesity. 5 , 18 …”

Compensatory mechanisms for methylglyoxal detoxification in experimental & clinical diabetes

“…The screening of alternative detoxification products, as well as the measurement of enzymatic activities would allow for the grouping of patients in regard to their detoxification capacity. Furthermore, the measurement of polymorphism may also contribute an additional means for making this assessment [50]. The combination of metabolic, enzymatic and genetic factors may therefore provide a better approach to identify those patients which are at risk for the development of late complications and in doing so, provide a more robust means of treatment.…”

Antioxidant Potential ofKersenLeaves (Muntingia CalaburaL.) Leaves to Increase Endogenous Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Enzymes in Diabetic Rats

“…Defense status includes the antioxidant enzyme endogenous glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), vitamin C and catalase. Other alternatives are needed to reduce the oxidative damage [7][8][9].…”

“…Peroxidase activity in the liver will increase and the level of glutathione as an endogenous antioxidant which is a compound in the form of reduced glutathione (GSH) will decrease, so it is necessary to be given exogenous antioxidants. Therefore, this research is important to do to find the effectiveness of kersen leaves steeping [7,[10][11][12][13]. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research to test the effectiveness of steeping kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) on changes in endogenous enzyme levels, namely the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx).…”