“…future science group primarily tacrolimus and cyclosporine pharmacokinetics [63,64]. Larger, well-powered studies are needed to validate our findings.…”
“…future science group primarily tacrolimus and cyclosporine pharmacokinetics [63,64]. Larger, well-powered studies are needed to validate our findings.…”
“…For example, Yoon and colleagues have showed that in monocytes from kidney transplant recipients homozygous for CYP3A5*3 , the HLA/DR+ mean fluorescent intensity was significantly lower compared to those from CYP3A5*1 carriers, with significant negative correlations with dose-adjusted trough blood concentrations, suggesting the HLA/DR expression on monocytes might be explored as a tool for monitoring of tacrolimus toxicity (56). In another study, Vafadari et al a showed the pharmacodynamic effect of tacrolimus on inhibiting IL-2 production depended on ABCB1 3435C>T genotype (57). …”
Section: Calcineurin Inhibitors and Pharmacodynamic Phenotypesmentioning
Purpose of Review
Pharmacogenomics is the study of differences in drug response based on individual genetic background. With rapidly advancing genomic technologies and decreased costs of genotyping, the field of pharmacogenomics continues to develop. Application to patients with kidney disease provides growing opportunities for improving drug therapy.
Recent Findings
Pharmacogenomics studies are lacking in patients with chronic kidney disease and dialysis but are abundant in the kidney transplant field. A clinically actionable genetic variant exists in the CYP3A5 gene, with the initial tacrolimus dose selection optimized based on CYP3A5 genotype. Though many pharmacogenomics studies have focused on transplant immunosuppression pharmacokinetics, an expanding literature on pharmacodynamic outcomes like calcineurin inhibitor toxicity and new onset diabetes is providing new information on patients at risk.
Summary
Appropriately powered pharmacogenomics studies with well-defined phenotypes are needed to validate existing studies and unearth new findings in patients with kidney disease, especially the chronic kidney disease and dialysis population.
“…In kidney-transplanted patients, C3435T polymorphism has an impact on the efficacy of the immune suppressant tacrolimus due to a decrease of intestinal drug absorption 19 but also immunosuppression resistance of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, observed on patients with TT genotype. 20 Other associations with specific pathologies have been established and are reviewed further in this review (cf. Part III - auto immunity and HIV).…”
MDR1 is an ATP-dependent transmembrane transporter primarily studied for its role in the detoxification of tissues and for its implication in resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapy treatment. Several studies also report on its expression on immune cells where it plays a protective role from xenobiotics and toxins. This review provides an overview of what is known on MDR1 expression in immune cells in human, and its implications in different pathologies and their treatment options.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.