Genetic mapping and functional analysis of a nodulation-defective mutant (sym19) of pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Schneider, A.; Walker, Simon; Poyser, S. J.; Sagan, Muriel; Ellis, Noel; Downie, J. Allan

doi:10.1007/s004380051053

Cited by 43 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This is followed by root hair deformation and the development of empty nodules (169) Another interesting approach to the study of Nod factor signaling is the analysis of nodulation-deficient plant mutants (160). Various plant hosts blocked in the early steps of symbiosis have been identified, and positional cloning of the plant symbiotic genes has been initiated (47,149,174). Analysis of these plant mutants promises to be a very active area of study in the near future.…”

Section: Nodulation (Nod) Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quorum Sensing in Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobia

Gonzalez

Marketon

2003

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

284

227

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Members of the rhizobia are distinguished for their ability to establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with leguminous plants. While many details of this relationship remain a mystery, much effort has gone into elucidating the mechanisms governing bacterium-host recognition and the events leading to symbiosis. Several signal molecules, including plant-produced flavonoids and bacterially produced nodulation factors and exopolysaccharides, are known to function in the molecular conversation between the host and the symbiont. Work by several laboratories has shown that an additional mode of regulation, quorum sensing, intercedes in the signal exchange process and perhaps plays a major role in preparing and coordinating the nitrogen-fixing rhizobia during the establishment of the symbiosis. Rhizobium leguminosarum, for example, carries a multitiered quorum-sensing system that represents one of the most complex regulatory networks identified for this form of gene regulation. This review focuses on the recent stream of information regarding quorum sensing in the nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Seminal work on the quorum-sensing systems of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, R. etli, Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234, Sinorhizobium meliloti, and Bradyrhizobium japonicum is presented and discussed. The latest work shows that quorum sensing can be linked to various symbiotic phenomena including nodulation efficiency, symbiosome development, exopolysaccharide production, and nitrogen fixation, all of which are important for the establishment of a successful symbiosis. Many questions remain to be answered, but the knowledge obtained so far provides a firm foundation for future studies on the role of quorum-sensing mediated gene regulation in host-bacterium interactions

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Section: Nodulation (Nod) Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quorum Sensing in Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobia

Gonzalez

Marketon

2003

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

284

227

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“…Frisson (24,25). P4 and P55 belong to complementation group c (24,25), which corresponds to the sym19 locus (26). P5 and P56 are in complementation group d (24,25) and carry alleles of sym10.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissection of nodulation signaling using pea mutants defective for calcium spiking induced by Nod factors and chitin oligomers

Walker

Viprey

Downie

2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

199

161

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Changes in intracellular calcium in pea root hairs responding to Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae nodulation (Nod) factors were analyzed by using a microinjected calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye (dextran-linked Oregon Green). Within 1-2 min after Nod-factor addition, there was usually an increase in fluorescence, followed about 10 min later by spikes in fluorescence occurring at a rate of about one spike per minute. These spikes, corresponding to an increase in calcium of Ϸ200 nM, were localized around the nuclear region, and they were similar in terms of lag and period to those induced by Nod factors in alfalfa. Calcium responses were analyzed in nonnodulating pea mutants, representing seven loci that affect early stages of the symbiosis. Mutations affecting three loci (sym8, sym10, and sym19) abolished Nod-factor-induced calcium spiking, whereas a normal response was seen in peas carrying alleles of sym2 A , sym7, sym9, and sym30. Chitin oligomers of four or five N-acetylglucosamine residues could also induce calcium spiking, although the response was qualitatively different from that induced by Nod factors; a rapid increase in intracellular calcium was not observed, the period between spikes was lower, and the response was not as sustained. The chitin-oligomer-induced calcium spiking did not occur in nodulation mutants (sym8, sym10, and sym19) that were defective for Nod-factor-induced spiking, suggesting that this response is related to nodulation signaling. From our data and previous observations on the lack of mycorrhizal infection in some of the sym mutants, we propose a model for the potential order of pea nodulation genes in nodulation and mycorrhizal signaling.A nitrogen-fixing root nodule is the culmination of a developmental program that begins as a sequence of signal exchanges between plant and bacterial symbionts. In leguminous plants, the first step of this process is rhizobial perception of plant metabolites (typically flavonoids) present in the rhizosphere (1). This stimulates bacterial synthesis and secretion of signaling molecules called Nod factors (2, 3), which are lipochitin oligosaccharides usually containing four or five ␤-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues with an N-acyl group at the nonreducing end (2). Modifications made to this basic structure are a major factor in determining which legume species will be nodulated by a given rhizobial strain. Thus, for example, the Nod factors made by Sinorhizobium meliloti (which nodulates alfalfa) differ from those of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae (which nodulates peas and vetch) in the length and unsaturation of their acyl chains and have an O-linked sulfate group at the reducing end (4, 5). R. leguminosarum bv. viciae produces a mixture of four Nod factors in which a tetrameric or pentameric sugar backbone carries a C 18:1 or C 18:4 N-linked acyl group and an O-acetyl group on the acylated sugar (5).Nod factors induce several characteristic biochemical, genetic, and morphological responses when recognized by the appropriate legume (6...

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“…Phenotypic analysis of mutant plants has established a role of this receptor kinase in a pathway leading from the perception of the NF signal to the activation of symbiosis-related gene expression (Schneider et al, 1999;Catoira et al, 2000;Stracke et al, 2002). The L. japonicus genes CASTOR (previously SYM4 ], SYM22 [Szczyglowski et al, 1998], and SYM71 [Kawaguchi et al, 2002]) and POLLUX (previously SYM23 [Szczyglowski et al, 1998] and SYM86 [Imaizumi-Anraku et al, 2004]) encode closely related proteins that are predicted ion channels (ImaizumiAnraku et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seven Lotus japonicus Genes Required for Transcriptional Reprogramming of the Root during Fungal and Bacterial Symbiosis

et al. 2005

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A combined genetic and transcriptome analysis was performed to study the molecular basis of the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis. By testing the AM phenotype of nodulation-impaired mutants and complementation analysis, we defined seven Lotus japonicus common symbiosis genes (SYMRK, CASTOR, POLLUX, SYM3, SYM6, SYM15, and SYM24) that are required for both fungal and bacterial entry into root epidermal or cortical cells. To describe the phenotype of these mutants at the molecular level, we screened for differentiating transcriptional responses of mutant and wild-type roots by large-scale gene expression profiling using cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism. Two percent of root transcripts was found to increase in abundance during AM development, from which a set of AM-regulated marker genes was established. A Ser-protease (SbtS) and a Cys-protease (CysS) were also activated during root nodule development. AM-induced transcriptional activation was abolished in roots carrying mutations in common symbiosis genes, suggesting a central position of these genes in a pathway leading to the transcriptional activation of downstream genes. By contrast, AM fungus-induced gene repression appeared to be unaffected in mutant backgrounds, which indicates the presence of additional independent signaling pathways.

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Genetic mapping and functional analysis of a nodulation-defective mutant (sym19) of pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Cited by 43 publications

References 38 publications

Quorum Sensing in Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobia

Quorum Sensing in Nitrogen-Fixing Rhizobia

Dissection of nodulation signaling using pea mutants defective for calcium spiking induced by Nod factors and chitin oligomers

Seven Lotus japonicus Genes Required for Transcriptional Reprogramming of the Root during Fungal and Bacterial Symbiosis

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