Genetic Manipulation of Rubisco: <i>Chromatium vinosum rbc</i>L is expressed in <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> but does not form a functional protein

Madgwick, P. J.; Colliver, S. P.; Banks, F. M.; Habash, D. Z.; Dulieu, H.; Parry, M. A. J.; Paul, M. J.

doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2002.tb00152.x

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This shows that there is no impediment to nuclear expression of rbcL and that largesubunit precursors can be imported to the plastid and processed, folded, and assembled by the existing machinery. Expression of a bacterial rbcL similarly incorporated into the nuclear genome was unsuccessful, however (Madgwick et al 2002). Whitney and Andrews (2001b) performed the reciprocal transplantation, transferring one member of the tobacco nuclear RbcS family, both with and without its transit presequence and equipped with tobacco plastid psbA promoter and terminator elements, back to its endosymbiotic origin in the plastome (Fig.…”

Section: Express Rbcl and Rbcs Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Capture and Storage

2015

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is a leading geoscientist of his generation, venture capitalist, and a significant figure in the politics of Colorado. In this article he reviews some inconvenient truths about the timely implementation of CCS projects in the US, some of which may resonate in other countries seeking CO 2 reduction measures.T he greatest challenge to carbon capture and storage (CCS) is likely to be economic rather than technical. A September 2008 McKinsey report estimated that the first commercial scale CCS projects, potentially to be built soon after 2020, would cost €35-50 per metric ton of CO 2 abated. They assume that if 500+ projects were built by 2030, the cost might fall to €25-40 per ton. About two-thirds of that cost is for CO 2 capture.It is interesting to consider those costs on a global scale. A study by Pacala and Socolow implies that we need to cut a cumulative 25 Gton of CO 2 over the next 50 years just to cap the CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere at a modest 500 ppm (we are now at 390 ppm). If all of our solutions cost €25 per ton, the economic impact would be €625 billion ($833 billion) over the next 50 years.Reducing CO 2 is a global issue, but the US creates 20% of the problem. It also offers an interesting case study on the difficulty of finding practical solutions in a challenging political and economic environment. Hopefully along the way the reader will discover opportunities as well as pitfalls to avoid.According to the US Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (DOE-EIA), 98% of America's human-generated CO 2 comes from energy use, with 40% of that from electricity (coal and natural gas) and 33% from transportation (mostly petroleum). Coal produces 45% of America's electricity and natural gas produces 23% (see Figure 1).McKinsey's study notes that 'Retrofitting of existing power plants is likely to be more expensive than new installations, and economically feasible only for relatively new plants (with high efficiencies).' But according to the DOE-EIA, over the past 20 years coal contributed only 3.7% of total added US capacity while natural gas accounted for 88%. Few modern, efficient US coal plants have been added in the past 20 years.'Efficiency' is a term used to define the conversion of the theoretical energy content of a fuel into electricity. The McKinsey report notes that the energy required for the CCS CO 2 capture process increases the amount of coal that must be burned per MW-hour delivered, and estimates a CCS 'efficiency penalty' of 10%. This means that if a future coal plant could be built to achieve a 50% thermal efficiency, CCS would decrease that efficiency to 40%. Such a plant would be burning 50/40=1.25 times as much coal per MW-hour. And burning 25% more coal would also increase harmful emissions since CCS captures only about 90% of CO 2 and none of the other pollutants.CCS also faces storage challenges, such as site selection, CO 2 transportation costs, pipeline and CCS site permits, and uncertainties in monitoring CO 2 sequestration. Leakage of just 0.5% per year w...

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Section: Express Rbcl and Rbcs Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Capture and Storage

2015

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“…Strategies employed in C 3 plants have been to target key Calvin cycle enzymes, particularly Rubisco (Whitney and Andrews, 2001) and to incorporate components of the C 4 pathway into C 3 species (Ku et al ., 1999). None of these has proved straightforward because of the number of genes that need to be transformed simultaneously, problems of Rubisco assembly (Madgwick et al ., 2002) and the complexity of the regulation of photosynthesis at the whole plant level. Transformation with a cyanobacterial fructose‐1,6‐/sedoheptulose‐1,7‐bisphoshatase gene has produced the only report of genetic enhancement of photosynthetic capacity through direct targeting of the Calvin cycle (Miyagawa, Tamoi and Shigeoka, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic modification of photosynthesis with E. coli genes for trehalose synthesis

Pellny

Ghannoum

Conroy

et al. 2004

Plant Biotechnology Journal

118

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SummaryImprovement in photosynthesis per unit leaf area has been difficult to alter by breeding or genetic modification. We report large changes in photosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum transformed with E. coli genes for the trehalose pathway. Significantly, photosynthetic capacity (CO 2 assimilation at varying light and CO 2 , and quantum yield of PSII electron transport) per unit leaf area and per leaf dry weight were increased in lines of N. tabacum transformed with the E. coli gene otsA , which encodes trehalose phosphate synthase. In contrast, transformation with otsB , which encodes trehalose phosphate phosphatase or Trec , encoding trehalose phosphate hydrolase, produced the opposite effect. Changes in CO 2 assimilation per unit leaf area were closely related to the amount and activity of Rubisco, but not to the maximum activities of other Calvin cycle enzymes. Alterations in photosynthesis were associated with trehalose 6-phosphate content rather than trehalose.When growth parameters were determined, a greater photosynthetic capacity did not translate into greater relative growth rate or biomass. This was because photosynthetic capacity was negatively related to leaf area and leaf area ratio. In contrast, relative growth rate and biomass were positively related to leaf area. These results demonstrate a novel means of modifying Rubisco content and photosynthesis, and the complexities of regulation of photosynthesis at the whole plant level, with potential benefits to biomass production through improved leaf area.

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“…When the plastid rbcL gene encoding the LSU was deleted and expressed via the nuclear genome, transgenic plants exhibited a severe Rubisco deficiency (4). When the rbcL gene from Chromatium vinosum was expressed via the nuclear genome of Rubisco-deficient plants, it was poorly transcribed, and no foreign LSU was detected (5).…”

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Enhanced translation of a chloroplast-expressed Rbc S gene restores small subunit levels and photosynthesis in nuclear Rbc S antisense plants

Dhingra

Portis²,

Daniell³

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

168

117

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Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase͞oxygenase (Rubisco) is a key enzyme that converts atmospheric carbon to food and supports life on this planet. Its low catalytic activity and specificity for oxygen leads to photorespiration, severely limiting photosynthesis and crop productivity. Consequently, Rubisco is a primary target for genetic engineering. Separate localization of the genes in the nuclear and chloroplast genomes and a complex assembly process resulting in a very low catalytic activity of hybrid Rubisco enzymes have rendered several earlier attempts of Rubisco engineering unsuccessful. Here we demonstrate that the RbcS gene, when integrated at a transcriptionally active spacer region of the chloroplast genome, in a nuclear RbcS antisense line and expressed under the regulation of heterologous (gene 10) or native (psbA) UTRs, results in the assembly of a functional holoenzyme and normal plant growth under ambient CO2 conditions, fully shortcircuiting nuclear control of gene regulation. There was Ϸ150-fold more RbcS transcript in chloroplast transgenic lines when compared with the nuclear RbcS antisense line, whereas the wild type has 7-fold more transcript. The small subunit protein levels in the gene 10͞RbcS and psbA͞RbcS plants were 60% and 106%, respectively, of the wild type. Photosynthesis of gene 10͞RbcS plants was approximately double that of the antisense plants, whereas that of psbA͞RbcS plants was restored almost completely to the wild-type rates. These results have opened an avenue for using chloroplast engineering for the evaluation of foreign Rubisco genes in planta that eventually can result in achieving efficient photosynthesis and increased crop productivity.

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Genetic Manipulation of Rubisco: Chromatium vinosum rbcL is expressed in Nicotiana tabacum but does not form a functional protein

Cited by 13 publications

References 29 publications

Carbon Capture and Storage

Carbon Capture and Storage

Genetic modification of photosynthesis with E. coli genes for trehalose synthesis

Enhanced translation of a chloroplast-expressed Rbc S gene restores small subunit levels and photosynthesis in nuclear Rbc S antisense plants

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