Genetic interrelationships of proteolyticClostridium botulinum types A, B, and F and other members of theClostridium botulinum complex as revealed by small-subunit rRNA gene sequences

Hutson, Roger A.; Thompson, D.E.; Lawson, Paul A.; Schockenitturino, R. P.; Böttger, Erik C.; Collins, Matthew D.

doi:10.1007/bf00873087

Cited by 60 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…C. botulinum strains were all in the low %G+C group I, and were separated into groups I-A, I-F and I-H based on rRNA homologies (Johnson & Francis, 1975). Further 16S rRNA analyses of the genus Clostridium confirmed the classification of C. botulinum into four groupings which corresponded to the four physiological groups, I to IV Hutson et al, 1993aHutson et al, , 1993b). An analysis of 174 C. botulinum strains by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and by sequencing of 16S rRNA and BoNT genes confirmed the existence of at least four distinct genomic backgrounds, each of which has likely independently acquired BoNT genes through horizontal gene transfer (Hill et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Lipid diversity among botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia

et al. 2012

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Lipid diversity among botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia

et al. 2012

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“…If phylogenetic data are to be used as the basis for future taxonomic restructuring of the genus Clostridium, it is imperative that as many species as possible be sequenced and that the branching patterns of trees be resolved with confidence, In recent years there has been considerable progress toward this end, with complete (or nearly complete) 16s rRNA sequences available for more than 80 clostridial species (5,19,20,27,29,30,34,35,37,38,50). In this paper we describe the 16s rRNA gene sequences of an additional 34 clostridial strains and the results of a comparative sequence analysis and thereby provide an almost complete picture of the genealogical interrelationships in the genus.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Phylogeny of the Genus Clostridium: Proposal of Five New Genera and Eleven New Species Combinations

Collins¹,

Lawson²,

Willems³

et al. 1994

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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The 16s rRNA gene sequences of 34 named and unnamed clostridial strains were determined by PCR direct sequencing and were compared with more than 80 previously determined clostridial sequences and the previously published sequences of representative species of other low-G+C-content gram-positive genera, thereby providing an almost complete picture of the genealogical interrelationships of the clostridia. The results of our phylogenetic analysis corroborate and extend previous findings in showing that the genus Clostridium is extremely heterogeneous, with many species phylogenetically intermixed with other sporeforming and non-spore-forming genera. The genus Clostridium is clearly in need of major revision, and the rRNA structures defined in this and previous studies may provide a sound basis for future taxonomic restructuring. The problems and different possibilities for restructuring are discussed in light of the phenotypic and phylogenetic data, and a possible hierarchical structure for the clostridia and their close relatives is presented. On the basis of phenotypic criteria and the results of phylogenetic analyses the following five new genera and 11 new combinations are proposed: Caloramator gen. nov., with Caloramator fervidus comb. nov.; Filifactor gen. nov., with Filifactor villosus comb. nov.; Moorella gen. nov., with Moorella thermoacetica comb. nov. and Moorella thermoautotrophica comb. nov.; Oxobacter gen. nov., with Oxobacter pfennigii comb. nov.; Oxalophagus gen. nov., with Oxalophagus oxalicus comb. nov.; Eubacterium barkeri comb. nov.; Paenibacillus durum comb. nov.; Thermoanaerobacter kivui comb. nov.; Thermoanaerobacter thermocopriae comb. nov.; and Thermoanerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum comb. nov. ~ ~~Great advances, have been made over the past decade in unravelling the phylogenetic complexities within the grampositive endospore-forming bacteria. For example, 16s rRNA oligonucleotide cataloging and, more recently, almost complete rRNA (or gene) sequencing have shown that the aerobic endospore-forming bacilli are phylogenetically very heterogeneous, consisting of at least six highly divergent lines (1,11,51). As a result of these studies, taxonomic reorganization of the genus Bacillus was initiated with the introduction of the genus Alicyclobacillus for some acidophilic species (51) and the genus Paenibacillus (2) for Bacillus polymyxa and its close relatives (rRNA group 3 [l]). Although the remainder of the genus is still in need of taxonomic revision, the phylogenetic groups established by rRNA analysis are already forming the foundation for a new molecular data-based taxonomy for this group of organisms. Knowledge of the natural interrelationships within the anaerobic genus Clostridium is more fragmented than knowledge of the interrelationships among the aerobic bacilli. The earliest, and until recently the most comprehensive, phylogenetic study of the genus Clostridium was published by Johnson and Francis (22), who demonstrated that there is considerable diversity within the genus by u...

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“…In more recent years, the application of 16S rRNA sequencing technology has unequivocally demonstrated that the four groupings are composed of distinct species. In the case of those groups important to human botulism, Group I strains, regardless of toxin type, are highly related to one another (99.7%-100% 16S rRNA sequence identity) and together with C. sporogenes form a single phylogenetic unit (Hutson et al 1993b). Neurotoxin-forming Group II strains (and their nontoxinogenic counterparts) form a distinct line that is quite separate from other saccharolytic clostridia and phylogenetically far removed from the Group I strains (Hutson et al 1993a).…”

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Genome sequence of a proteolytic (Group I) Clostridium botulinum strain Hall A and comparative analysis of the clostridial genomes

Sebaihia¹,

Peck²,

Minton³

et al. 2007

Genome Res.

233

215

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Clostridium botulinum is a heterogeneous Gram-positive species that comprises four genetically and physiologically distinct groups of bacteria that share the ability to produce botulinum neurotoxin, the most poisonous toxin known to man, and the causative agent of botulism, a severe disease of humans and animals. We report here the complete genome sequence of a representative of Group I (proteolytic) C. botulinum (strain Hall A, ATCC 3502). The genome consists of a chromosome (3,886,916 bp) and a plasmid (16,344 bp), which carry 3650 and 19 predicted genes, respectively. Consistent with the proteolytic phenotype of this strain, the genome harbors a large number of genes encoding secreted proteases and enzymes involved in uptake and metabolism of amino acids. The genome also reveals a hitherto unknown ability of C. botulinum to degrade chitin. There is a significant lack of recently acquired DNA, indicating a stable genomic content, in strong contrast to the fluid genome of Clostridium difficile, which can form longer-term relationships with its host. Overall, the genome indicates that C. botulinum is adapted to a saprophytic lifestyle both in soil and aquatic environments. This pathogen relies on its toxin to rapidly kill a wide range of prey species, and to gain access to nutrient sources, it releases a large number of extracellular enzymes to soften and destroy rotting or decayed tissues.

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Genetic interrelationships of proteolyticClostridium botulinum types A, B, and F and other members of theClostridium botulinum complex as revealed by small-subunit rRNA gene sequences

Cited by 60 publications

References 22 publications

Lipid diversity among botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia

Lipid diversity among botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia

The Phylogeny of the Genus Clostridium: Proposal of Five New Genera and Eleven New Species Combinations

Genome sequence of a proteolytic (Group I) Clostridium botulinum strain Hall A and comparative analysis of the clostridial genomes

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