Genetic identity as a regime of truth: Same sex and transnational surrogacy parenthood in the United States and Israel

Abstract

Through examining cases of cross-border surrogacy in Israel and the United States, we offer the concept of genetic kinning defined as the narratives deployed by individuals that give prominence to genetic relatedness between offspring and parents to highlight immutable similarities between parents, and by extension, grandparents and ancestors. The deployment of genetic kinning narratives does not happen in a vacuum; instead, nation-state bodies emphasize genetic relatedness within the family unit, especially accentuated in cases of cross-border surrogacy where intended parents need to receive travel documents, including passports, and subsequently citizenship, for their children birthed through surrogacy. Genetic kinning is more emphasized for queer couples, where only one (or neither) of the fathers, or mothers as the case may be, is genetically related to the infant. We examine cases in Israel and the United States that we selected due to their wide media coverage and studied through their press presentations. We show that far from becoming less relevant, genetic relatedness becomes increasingly salient because of assisted reproductive technologies, including gamete donation and surrogacy, especially when families move across borders, presenting states bodies with the need to parse out descendance, family status/parentage, and national membership/citizenship.

Biogenetic Kinship in Families Formed via Reciprocal IVF: ‘It Was [My Partner]’s Egg . . . But My Blood Flowed through Her’

“…The study of ARTs and LGBTQ+ families has been central to modern kinship studies. LGBTQ+ families have challenged existing definitions of motherhood and fatherhood (Bower-Brown, 2022) and ARTs have denaturalised common understandings of how families are made, as families are created within a clinical context, often using purchased gametes (Birenbaum-Carmeli and Rudrappa, 2022). Pralat (2018) notes that ARTs may be perceived as ‘unnatural’ routes to LGBTQ+ parenthood, due to complex technological intervention, but paradoxically might create families that look the most ‘normal’ (i.e.…”