Genetic Environments of Plasmid-Mediated blaCTXM-15 Beta-Lactamase Gene in Enterobacteriaceae from Africa

Abstract

The most widely distributed blaCTX-M gene on a global scale is blaCTX-M-15. The dissemination has been associated with clonal spread and different types of mobile genetic elements. The objective of this review was to describe the genetic environments of the blaCTX-M-15 gene detected from Enterobacteriaceae in published literature from Africa. A literature search for relevant articles was performed through PubMed, AJOL, and Google Scholar electronic databases; 43 articles from 17 African countries were included in the review based on the eligibility criteria. Insertion sequences were reported as part of the genetic environment of blaCTX-M-15 gene in 32 studies, integrons in 13 studies, and plasmids in 23 studies. In this review, five insertion sequences including ISEcp1, IS26, orf447, IS903, and IS3 have been detected which are associated with the genetic environment of blaCTX-M-15 in Africa. Seven different genetic patterns were seen in the blaCTX-M-15 genetic environment. Insertion sequence ISEcp1 was commonly located upstream of the end of the blaCTX-M-15 gene, while the insertion sequence orf477 was located downstream. In some studies, ISEcp1 was truncated upstream of blaCTX-M-15 by insertion sequences IS26 and IS3. The class 1 integron (Intl1) was most commonly reported to be associated with blaCTX-M-15 (13 studies), with Intl1/dfrA17–aadA5 being the most common gene cassette array. IncFIA-FIB-FII multi-replicons and IncHI2 replicon types were the most common plasmid replicon types that horizontally transferred the blaCTX-M-15 gene. Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were commonly collocated with the blaCTX-M-15 gene on plasmids. This review revealed the predominant role of ISEcp1, Intl1 and IncF plasmids in the mobilization and continental dissemination of the blaCTX-M-15 gene in Africa.

Use of Nanopore Sequencing to Characterise the Genomic Architecture of Mobile Genetic Elements Encoding blaCTX-M-15 in Escherichia coli Causing Travellers’ Diarrhoea

“…In contrast to the IncFIB plasmids described above, p786605 (IncI1 plasmid) encoded several AMR determinants ( dfrA1, aadA1, bla TEM , sul2 and qnrS1 ) in addition to bla CTX-M-15 . MDR bla CTX-M-15 -encoding plasmids have been identified in previous literature but are most commonly associated with IncFII-FIA-FIB plasmid replicons ( Awosile and Agbaje, 2021 ; Minja et al, 2021 ). Analysis also identified the intI1 gene, suggesting the presence of a class 1 (C1) integron ( Ghaly et al, 2017 ; Awosile and Agbaje, 2021 ).…”

“…MDR bla CTX-M-15 -encoding plasmids have been identified in previous literature but are most commonly associated with IncFII-FIA-FIB plasmid replicons ( Awosile and Agbaje, 2021 ; Minja et al, 2021 ). Analysis also identified the intI1 gene, suggesting the presence of a class 1 (C1) integron ( Ghaly et al, 2017 ; Awosile and Agbaje, 2021 ). Comparison to the general structure of C1 integrons outlined by Kubomura et al (2020) showed p786605 contains a truncated C1 integron encoding dfrA1 , aadA1 & bla TEM .…”

Polyclonal emergence of MDR Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates producing multiple extended spectrum beta-lactamases at Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique

“…CTX-M-15 is the most widely distributed bla CTX-M gene on a global scale among Enterobacteriaceae, it has been associated with other ESBLs including carbapenemase and also with colistin resistance determinants (Ribeiro et al 2016;Zeynudin et al 2018;Soliman et al 2020;Awosile and Agbaje 2021).…”

“…The global emergence of ESBLs represents one of the greatest public health threats in hospitals, and bla CTX-M-15 is the most common ESBL gene distributed globally in different clinical strains of Enterobacteriaceae (Rossolini et al 2008;Sewunet et al 2021;Awosile and Agbaje 2021) including Enterobacter spp. (Haenni et al 2016).…”

Early Response of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes Expression in Classical, Hypervirulent, and Hybrid hvKp-MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae on Antimicrobial Stress

“…Three K. pneumoniae isolates (ST395 K47 , ST147 K64 , and ST23 K1 ) carried the bla TEM-1B , bla CTX-M-15 , and bla OXA-1 genes. It was reported that these genes were horizontally transferred by the IncFIA-FIB-FII and IncHI2 plasmids [ 37 , 38 ]. One isolate (ST23 K57 ) carried the bla CTX-M-55 and bla OXA-1 genes; such gene combination was reported previously from China [ 39 ].…”