Genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) from Brazil

Scaletsky, Isabel C. A.; Souza, Tamara B.; Aranda, Katia R. S.; Okeke, Iruka N.

doi:10.1186/1471-2180-10-25

Cited by 44 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…These other incompatibility types may not be associated with vir-ulence factors in the AEEC genomes; however, they may carry genes conferring other phenotypes related to disease outcomes, such as antimicrobial resistance. Several sequenced EHEC and ETEC plasmids have been described with the I1 incompatibility type (57), and a previous study identified IncI1 in typical EPEC isolates that exhibited antimicrobial resistance (58).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Genomics Provides Insight into the Diversity of the Attaching and Effacing Escherichia coli Virulence Plasmids

et al. 2015

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cAttaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) strains are a genomically diverse group of diarrheagenic E. coli strains that are characterized by the presence of the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) genomic island, which encodes a type III secretion system that is essential to virulence. AEEC strains can be further classified as either enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), typical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), or atypical EPEC, depending on the presence or absence of the Shiga toxin genes or bundle-forming pilus (BFP) genes. Recent AEEC genomic studies have focused on the diversity of the core genome, and less is known regarding the genetic diversity and relatedness of AEEC plasmids. Comparative genomic analyses in this study demonstrated genetic similarity among AEEC plasmid genes involved in plasmid replication conjugative transfer and maintenance, while the remainder of the plasmids had sequence variability. Investigation of the EPEC adherence factor (EAF) plasmids, which carry the BFP genes, demonstrated significant plasmid diversity even among isolates within the same phylogenomic lineage, suggesting that these EAF-like plasmids have undergone genetic modifications or have been lost and acquired multiple times. Global transcriptional analyses of the EPEC prototype isolate E2348/69 and two EAF plasmid mutants of this isolate demonstrated that the plasmid genes influence the expression of a number of chromosomal genes in addition to the LEE. This suggests that the genetic diversity of the EAF plasmids could contribute to differences in the global virulence regulons of EPEC isolates. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) are diarrheagenic types of E. coli that can be collectively termed attaching and effacing E. coli (AEEC) due to similarities in their virulence mechanisms (1). EHEC can cause more severe illness, including mild to severe bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), resulting in kidney failure and death, with the majority of cases occurring in the developed world (1, 2). Meanwhile, EPEC is a leading cause of lethality associated with diarrhea in young children in developing countries (3, 4).A major component of the virulence of AEEC is the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) genomic island, which encodes a type III secretion system (T3SS) (1,5,6). Similar to other diarrheagenic types of E. coli, such as enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), the virulence mechanisms of AEEC involve genes carried by phage and plasmids (1, 7-9). The ability of EHEC to cause severe illness has been attributed to the presence of Shiga toxin genes (1, 2). In addition, nearly all of the O157:H7 EHEC isolates associated with food-borne illness in the United States carry the virulence-associated plasmid pO157 (92 kb), which encodes an ␣-hemolysin (hlyA) (10-12) and additional putative virulence factors (13,14). Similarly, the severity of illness attributed to typical EPEC has been associated with a virulenc...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Genomics Provides Insight into the Diversity of the Attaching and Effacing Escherichia coli Virulence Plasmids

et al. 2015

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“…For example, a 5-year study of children under 12 years of age in Thailand found that 71.8% of EPEC isolates were atypical in nature (65). Likewise, 92% of EPEC isolates collected from children in Brazil between 2001 and 2002 were atypical (66), compared to 38% in a 1998-1999 study (52). More recently, 39.3% of EPEC strains isolated from children with diarrhea in Iran tested positive for the bfp gene, while the remaining 61.7% appeared as aEPEC, which lacks bfp (67).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study of 149 EPEC strains isolated from children in Brazil found that resistance was more common among tEPEC strains than among aEPEC strains (52). In addition, markers for a conjugative multidrug resistance plasmid were detected in 30% of atypical isolates, compared to only 4% of typical strains (52).…”

Section: Clinical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most EPEC isolates correspond to conventional O serogroups (20,51), but advances in molecular and cellular detection of EPEC have expanded the known repertoire of EPEC lineages to include strains that would not have been considered EPEC based on serotype alone (52). EPEC, unlike LEE-positive STEC, does not produce Shiga toxin and is distinguished from other diarrheagenic E. coli by the ability to form A/E lesions in the small intestine, a phenotype afforded to it by genes of the LEE (3).…”

Section: Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Advances in Understanding Enteric Pathogenic Escherichia coli

et al. 2013

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SUMMARY Although Escherichia coli can be an innocuous resident of the gastrointestinal tract, it also has the pathogenic capacity to cause significant diarrheal and extraintestinal diseases. Pathogenic variants of E. coli (pathovars or pathotypes) cause much morbidity and mortality worldwide. Consequently, pathogenic E. coli is widely studied in humans, animals, food, and the environment. While there are many common features that these pathotypes employ to colonize the intestinal mucosa and cause disease, the course, onset, and complications vary significantly. Outbreaks are common in developed and developing countries, and they sometimes have fatal consequences. Many of these pathotypes are a major public health concern as they have low infectious doses and are transmitted through ubiquitous mediums, including food and water. The seriousness of pathogenic E. coli is exemplified by dedicated national and international surveillance programs that monitor and track outbreaks; unfortunately, this surveillance is often lacking in developing countries. While not all pathotypes carry the same public health profile, they all carry an enormous potential to cause disease and continue to present challenges to human health. This comprehensive review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the intestinal pathotypes of E. coli .

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“…In developing countries, diarrhea induced by these pathogens is a serious illness that inflicts a huge health and economic burden on the population (46,48). Despite the fact that sanitation and clean water can markedly reduce the cases of diarrhea in areas of endemicity, surveillance studies have demonstrated that in Latin America alone more than 80% of the population has no access to sewage systems or treated water (44).…”

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confidence: 99%

Lipopolysaccharide as an Antigen Target for the Formulation of a Universal Vaccine againstEscherichia coliO111 Strains

Santos

New

Andrade

et al. 2010

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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A promising approach to developing a vaccine against O111 strains of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli that exhibit different mechanisms of virulence is to target either the core or the polysaccharide chain (O antigen) of their lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, due to structural variations found in both these LPS components, to use them as antigen targets for vaccination, it is necessary to formulate a vaccine able to induce a humoral immune response that can recognize all different variants found in E. coli O111 strains. In this study, it was demonstrated that, despite differences in composition of oligosaccharide repeat units between O111ab and O111ac LPS subtypes, antibodies against one O111 subtype can recognize and inhibit the adhesion to human epithelial cells of all categories of O111 E. coli (enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC], enterohemorrhagic E. coli [EHEC], and enteroaggregative E. coli [EAEC]) strains regardless of the nature of their flagellar antigens, mechanisms of virulence, or O111 polysaccharide subtypes. These antibodies were also able to increase the clearance of different strains of O111 E. coli by macrophages. PCR analyses of the pathways involved in O111 LPS core biosynthesis showed that all EAEC strains have core type R2, whereas typical EPEC and EHEC have core type R3. In contrast, atypical EPEC strains have core types R2 and R3. In summary, the results presented herein indicate that the O111 polysaccharide and LPS core types R2 and R3 are antigen targets for panspecific immunotherapy against all categories of O111 E. coli.

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Genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) from Brazil

Cited by 44 publications

References 35 publications

Comparative Genomics Provides Insight into the Diversity of the Attaching and Effacing Escherichia coli Virulence Plasmids

Comparative Genomics Provides Insight into the Diversity of the Attaching and Effacing Escherichia coli Virulence Plasmids

Recent Advances in Understanding Enteric Pathogenic Escherichia coli

Lipopolysaccharide as an Antigen Target for the Formulation of a Universal Vaccine againstEscherichia coliO111 Strains

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