“…While it remains to be demonstrated that variation among A. mellifera subspecies influences virulence of N. ceranae , it has been repeatedly shown that increased genetic diversity within a colony improves its resistance to a diverse array of diseases (Palmer and Oldroyd, ; Tarpy, ; Tarpy and Seeley, ; Seeley and Tarpy, ; Desai and Currie, ), supporting one of the hypothesis related with the evolution of polyandry (Hamilton, ). This hypothesis was recently tested in honey bee colonies headed by queens artificially inseminated with one or 12 drones and proved true for N. ceranae , with significantly higher prevalence levels detected in genetically similar colonies as compared to genetically diverse colonies (Desai and Currie, ). Interestingly, no significant differences between the two types of colonies were found for N. apis (Desai and Currie, ), which agrees with a previous study from Woyciechoski and Krol ().…”