Genetic diversity of the haemagglutinin (HA) of human influenza a (H1N1) virus in montenegro: Focus on its origin and evolution

Abstract

In 2009 an influenza A epidemic caused by a swine origin H1N1strain, unusual in human hosts, has been described. The present research is aimed to perform the first phylogenetic investigation on the influenza virus A (H1N1) strains circulating in Montenegro, from December 1, 2009, when the first case of death due to H1N1 was confirmed, and the epidemic began causing a total of four fatalities. The phylogenetic analysis of the strains circulating showed the absence of a pure Montenegrin cluster, suggesting the occurrence of multiple re-introductions in that population from different areas till as far as the early 2010. The time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for the complete dataset has been dated in early 2008, pre-dating the first Montenegrin identification of H1N1 infection. These data suggest that virus was spreading undetected, may be as a consequence of unidentified infections in returning travelers. Anyhow, the estimated TMRCA of Montenegrin strains is fully consistent to that found in different areas. Compatibly with the time coverage of the study period here analyzed, molecular dynamic of Montenegrin strains follows similar trend as in other countries. J. Med. Virol. 88:1905-1913, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

COVID-19 Epidemic: Clinical Characteristics of Patients in Pediatric Isolation Ward

“…13 Lactate dehydrogenase and CK-MB were increased in more than half of the children, which may be caused by different degrees of myocardial cell damage caused by infection. This is similar to what Mugosa et al 14 found in his study of influenza A (H1N1) virus. A total of 21.2% of the children in the isolation ward were SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid positive, and the infection rate was high, which also suggested the necessity of screening children for COVID-19 in the isolation ward.…”

Antigenic drift of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses from Saudi Arabia in 2014 to 2015

“…| 3023dominant in Europe, North America but not in Asia, Africa or South America in 2015. 6b.1 became dominant all over the world in 2016[23][24][25][26][27][28][29] but we found that 6b.1 and 6b.2 were circulating in Saudi Arabia in 2015 (Table 1). The viruses belonging to clade 6b.1 were the most dominant compared to other regions at that time.…”

“…20 Severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome caused most of the deaths. 21 The epidemiology of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 with a molecular and phylogenetic analysis of HA gene during 2013/2014 influenza season in Canada, 22 2015/2016 season in Denmark, 23 2010 to 2014 in Dalian, 24 China, 25 Africa, 26 Europe, 27,28 India 29 confirmed the close match of the majority of circulating strains with the vaccine strains. The majority of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 circulating in 2015/2016 belonged to the new genetic subgroup subclade 6B.…”

Modest Evolutionary Changes of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome in Bangladesh

“…The overall mutation rate for the S gene of SARS-CoV-2 is lower than other respiratory RNA virus membrane glycoprotein genes or other genes used for drug and vaccine targets. For example, the HA and NA gene of in uenza virus have mutation rates of 2.0E-3 to 10.0E-3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year (26)(27)(28)(29), the SH and G gene of Respiratory Syncytial Virus have rates of 2.5E-3 to 3.49E-3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year (30,31), and human metapneumovirus rates of 1.6E-3 to 3.61E-3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year (31,32).…”