Genetic diversity of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) landraces collected in Iran using some morphological traits

Abstract

Spinach has become an important vegetable crop in most regions of the world and remarkable changes in production amounts have occurred in the past decades due to demand increase in many countries. Fifty-four spinach landraces collected from diverse geographical regions of Iran were evaluated for several qualitative and quantitative traits. Landraces indicated a high variability for measured morphologic characteristics regarding results of variance analysis and descriptive statistics. The first three factors of factors analysis explained 76.8% of variation of spinach landraces. The first extracted factor can be regarded as a leaf property vector; the extracted second factor could be named as yield vector and the third factor was female plants percent vector. The dendrogram of cluster analysis generated from genotypes distance matrices showed that in a distance linkage of 800, the 54 spinach landraces could be agglomerated into sixteen clusters. The number of clusters was verified by multivariate analysis of variance test through Wilks' Lambda statistics. Some spinach landraces such as G10 G13, G38 and G41 were individual cluster and were not similar to the other collected genotypes while some of the spinach landraces were similar to each other and grouped as one cluster such as cluster 9 (C9). The cluster C14 (landrace Karaj 2) was the most favorable genotype due to good performance for most measured quantitative traits. This landrace could be recommended for commercial release after complementary experiments. Also, landraces G1 (Arak) and G3 (Urmia) indicate good potential regarding the measured traits. These landraces could be used directly as commercial cultivars or introduced in spinach breeding programs.Key words: germplasm, morphological variation, multivariate analysis, spinach IZVLEČEK GENETSKA RAZNOLIKOST AKCESIJ ŠPINAČE (Spinacia oleracea L.) ZBRANIH V IRANU, DOLOČENA Z NEKATERIMI MORFOLOŠKIMI ZNAKIŠpinača je postala pomembna zelenjadnica v večjem delu sveta in znaten porast njene pridelave se je pojavil zaradi vse večjega povpraševanja v mnogih državah. 54 akcesij špinače, nabranih v različnih delih Irana, je bilo ovrednotenih na osnovi številnih kvalitativnih in kvantitativnih znakov. Akcesije so pokazale veliko variabilnost v merjenih morfoloških znakih glede na rezultate analize variance in opisne statistike. Prvi trije faktorji faktorske analize so pojasnili 76.8 % variabilnosti akcesij špinače. Prvi faktor od teh je bil povezan z lastnostmi listov, drugi s pridelkom in tretji z deležem ženskih rastlin. Dendrogram klasterske analize, generiran na osnovi izračunanih distanc med genotipi je pokazal, da lahko na osnovi distančne povezave 800, 54 akcesij špinače združimo v 16 skupin. Število skupin je bilo potrjeno z multivariatno analizo variance s pomočjo Wilks' Lambda statistke. Nekatere akcesije kot na primer G10 G13, G38 in G41 so bile samostojne skupine in niso bile podobne drugim zbranim genotipom, med tem ko so si bile druge akcesije podobne in so se uvrstile v eno skupino, npr. skupino...

Genetic variability assessment of worldwide spinach accessions by agro-morphological traits

“…PCA of present results has indicated that seed, leaf and anthocyanin-related traits are the main variability contributing factors. Similar to this, Sabaghnia et al [1] also reported leaf trait as the most important factor contributing towards variability of spinach germplasm. Figures S1 and S2 represented biplot analyses showing variability among accessions based on their geographical locations and different morphological traits.…”

“…Accumulation of variables in a closed region indicates the positive correlation among them [25]. A similar plot was built by Arif et al [19] and Sabaghnia et al [1] to show the correlation of different morphological features. In the present results, the two main factors collectively represented 38-41% variability during both years of growth.…”

“…Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is an edible and annual functional food species belonging to the family Amaranthaceae. It was originated from Iran and first declared as a herb of Persia by the Chinese [1]. Currently, China, Turkey, United States, Japan, and Indonesia are considered the largest producers of spinach [2].…”

A review on the genetic resources, domestication and breeding history of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

“…Multiple emergences of the smooth phenotype may have independently occurred as the presence or absence of prickles is controlled by a single gene, with spines being dominant over smoothness (Pandey and Kalloo 1993). The smooth phenotype has also been observed in landraces from the Middle East (Sabaghnia et al 2014;Mohebodini et al 2017).…”

Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of spinach by single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified through genotyping-by-sequencing

“…The results suggested that Northern and Southern Chinese spinach populations may have different origins. Sabaghnia et al (2014) [ 14 ] examined 54 spinach landraces collected from diverse geographical regions of Iran and divided the landraces into sixteen clusters based on for several qualitative and quantitative trait data. Ebadi-Segheloo et al (2014) [ 15 ] evaluated 121 spinach landraces, collected from the various spinach growing areas of Iran, using several agro-morphological traits such as leaf area, leaf width, petiole length, petiole diameter, seed yield and 1000-seed weight and identified six clusters with each cluster having some specific unique characteristics.…”