“…The majority of human listeriosis outbreaks worldwide have been linked to lineage I serotype 4b isolates, even though some outbreaks have been caused by lineage I serotype 1/2b isolates and lineage II serotype 1/2a isolates (Aureli et al, 2000;Gianfranceschi et al, 2003;Hong et al, 2007;Jeffers et al, 2001;Kiss et al, 2006;McLauchlin et al, 2004). While a few studies (Hong et al, 2007;Jeffers et al, 2001;Kiss et al, 2006) have shown that lineage I isolates are also overrepresented among sporadic cases of human listeriosis (e.g., as compared to their prevalence among food isolates), this trend does not seem to be consistent and the association between lineages and human listeriosis cases may vary by region.…”