Genetic diversity of free-living Symbiodinium in surface water and sediment of Hawai‘i and Florida

Takabayashi, Misaki; Adams, Lisa M.; Pochon, Xavier; Gates, Ruth D.

doi:10.1007/s00338-011-0832-5

Cited by 88 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Whilst results of this study are consistent with previous reports of clades A and C occurring in high abundances in Pacific sediment communities (Manning and Gates, 2008;Takabayashi et al, 2012), the majority of sediment reads detected here belonged to the "uncultured" category. This indicates that many undiscovered and presently uncharacterized types exist within GBR sediments and may represent a reservoir of diversity with potentially adaptive benefits for corals.…”

Section: Differences In Diversity Among Sedimentsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Comparative studies of Caribbean and Hawaiian reefs demonstrate that the dominant Symbiodinium clades found in local corals reflect environmental diversity in the respective region, with clades A and B being the most abundant in both the water column and sediments in the Caribbean, and clades A and C being the most abundant on Pacific reefs (Takabayashi et al, 2012). Clade A was also recovered from coral larvae exposed to sediments, and B and C from juveniles exposed to reef waters in Japan (Adams et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature and Water Quality-Related Patterns in Sediment-Associated Symbiodinium Communities Impact Symbiont Uptake and Fitness of Juveniles in the Genus Acropora

2017

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The majority of corals acquire their photo-endosymbiont Symbiodinium from environmental sources anew each generation. Despite the critical role that environmental availability of Symbiodinium plays in the potential for corals to acclimate and adapt to changing environments, little is known about the diversity of free-living Symbiodinium communities and how variation in these communities influences uptake and in hospite communities in juvenile corals. Here we characterize Symbiodinium community diversity in sediment samples collected from eight reefs representing latitudinal and cross-shelf variation in water quality and temperature regimes. Sediment-associated Symbiodinium communities were then compared to in hospite communities acquired by A. tenuis and A. millepora juveniles following 11-145 days of experimental exposure to sediments from each of the reefs. Communities associated with juveniles and sediments differed substantially, with sediments harboring four times more unique OTUs than juveniles (1,125 OTUs vs. 271). Moreover, only 10.6% of these OTUs were shared between juveniles and sediments, indicating selective uptake by acroporid juveniles. The diversity and abundance of Symbiodinium types differed among sediment samples from different temperature and water quality environments. Symbiodinium communities acquired by juveniles also differed among the sediment treatments, despite juveniles having similar parentage. Moreover, Symbiodinium communities displayed different rates of infection, mortality, and photochemical efficiencies, important traits for coral fitness. This study demonstrates that the biogeography of free-living Symbiodinium types found within sediment reservoirs follows patterns along latitudinal and water quality environmental gradients on the Great Barrier Reef. We also demonstrate a bipartite strategy for Symbiodinium uptake by juvenile corals of two horizontally-transmitting acroporid species, whereby uptake is selective within the constraints of environmental availability.

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Section: Differences In Diversity Among Sedimentsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature and Water Quality-Related Patterns in Sediment-Associated Symbiodinium Communities Impact Symbiont Uptake and Fitness of Juveniles in the Genus Acropora

2017

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“…Estimates of how important such a Symbiodinium-driven calcification process could be to carbonate budgets would be premature; however, our culturebased findings, together with observations from nature that freeliving Symbiodinium spp. occupy a benthic niche (7,8) and that dinoflagellates are found in calcifying reef sediments (20,21), indicate that Symbiodinium spp. and potentially other benthic dinoflagellates (33) actually may play an important role in biologically induced calcification processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…provide their hosts with photosynthates in exchange for host-derived metabolites, and in hospite of scleractinian corals they also enhance coral calcification, the biomineralization process that provides the structural framework for the entire coral reef ecosystem (4)(5)(6). However, members of this genus also are found ex hospite both in the water column and the benthos (7,8). These freeliving Symbiodinium populations encompass both obligate and temporary free-living phylotypes, and it is well established that the latter represent an important pool for the horizontal acquisition of symbionts by coral juveniles (2,9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Coral symbiotic algae calcify ex hospite in partnership with bacteria

Frommlet¹,

Sousa²,

Alves³

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium are commonly recognized as invertebrate endosymbionts that are of central importance for the functioning of coral reef ecosystems. However, the endosymbiotic phase within Symbiodinium life history is inherently tied to a more cryptic free-living (ex hospite) phase that remains largely unexplored. Here we show that free-living Symbiodinium spp. in culture commonly form calcifying bacterial-algal communities that produce aragonitic spherulites and encase the dinoflagellates as endolithic cells. This process is driven by Symbiodinium photosynthesis but occurs only in partnership with bacteria. Our findings not only place dinoflagellates on the map of microbial-algal organomineralization processes but also point toward an endolithic phase in the Symbiodinium life history, a phenomenon that may provide new perspectives on the biology and ecology of Symbiodinium spp. and the evolutionary history of the coraldinoflagellate symbiosis.Symbiodinium | coral symbiont | microbial-algal calcification | endolithic algae | life history

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“…novel Symbiodinium types not currently known to engage in symbiosis that are permanently free-living (Takabayashi et al 2012). These types are referred to as 'exclusively free-living' (EFL) hereafter.…”

Section: Free-living Symbiodiniummentioning

confidence: 99%

The free-living Symbiodinium reservoir and scleractinian coral symbiont acquisition

Nitschke¹

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The genus Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae, Suessiales), a group of geographically widespread marine dinoflagellates, comprises numerous ecologically and genetically distinct taxa. Symbiodinium spp.establish intracellular symbioses with cnidarians, infecting hosts such as jellyfish, sea anemones, octocorals and reef-building corals. The energetic demands of hosts can be met at varying levels by Symbiodinium through translocation of photosynthetically-fixed carbon, assisting in the formation of coral reefs. The cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis is relatively well studied. In contrast, empirical data for population dynamics, distribution, and physiology of free-living Symbiodinium are limited.Therefore this thesis aims to characterise the dynamics between free-living Symbiodinium cells, hosts, and their habitat.Free-living Symbiodinium cells have been identified in reef sediment, and this study investigated whether adult coral colonies are a significant source of benthic Symbiodinium cells. Acropora millepora colonies were translocated to bare patches of sediment (Heron Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia), and the surrounding sediment was sampled for Symbiodinium cells over a period of 18 months. An 8-fold increase in visually-identified cells relative to the background population was recorded from the sediment at the immediate base of coral colonies. Symbiodinium abundance returned to background levels after the removal of the coral. These fine-scale changes in the distribution of cells suggests that hard-coral may be an important 'passive' source of Symbiodinium.The 'active' supply of Symbiodinium cells to the benthos was investigated through direct contact of coral tissue with sediment. Symbiont loss was induced in the coral Pocillopora damicornis through burial of coral branches. Peak cell abundance in the sediment occurred after four days, but the photophysiology (F v /F m ) of the Symbiodinium cells was significantly impaired. By day 12, Symbiodinium cells were present only in low concentrations in sediment samples, and the majority of cells were substantially degraded. In this study, Symbiodinium appeared to survive only transiently following expulsion, with an approximate window of viability of seven days. Such a period may be sufficient for coral recruits to make contact with potential symbionts in situ.Elevated temperatures induce a range of serious, deleterious effects in Symbiodinium. The potential amelioration of these effects was investigated, testing the hypothesis that Symbiodinium cells find refuge from stress when cultured within sediment. An exclusively free-living clade A (not known to form symbioses) and the symbiosis-forming type A1 were grown with or without a microhabitat of carbonate sediment at 25°C, 28°C or 31°C. The exclusively free-living clade A was physiologically superior to symbiosis-forming A1 across all measured variables and treatment combinations: it iii reproduced faster within the sediment, exhibited high levels of motility and maintained a stable maximum quantum yield (F ...

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Genetic diversity of free-living Symbiodinium in surface water and sediment of Hawai‘i and Florida

Cited by 88 publications

References 67 publications

Temperature and Water Quality-Related Patterns in Sediment-Associated Symbiodinium Communities Impact Symbiont Uptake and Fitness of Juveniles in the Genus Acropora

Temperature and Water Quality-Related Patterns in Sediment-Associated Symbiodinium Communities Impact Symbiont Uptake and Fitness of Juveniles in the Genus Acropora

Coral symbiotic algae calcify ex hospite in partnership with bacteria

The free-living Symbiodinium reservoir and scleractinian coral symbiont acquisition

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