Genetic diversity of bovine papillomavirus types, including two putative new types, in teat warts from dairy cattle herds

Abstract

Teat papillomatosis affects dairy cows worldwide. Milking can become difficult due to teat warts, and maintaining affected cows in the herds may diminish economic profit in the dairy industry. Currently, 13 bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types have been fully characterized, and numerous putative BPV types have been identified through partial L1 gene PCR. In order to identify the viral types present in warts on the udders of dairy cows, 40 teat lesions from 24 cows from 13 cattle farms in three States of Brazil were evaluated by PV L1 gene PCR. The warts that were evaluated contained sequences from BPVs 6-10, the putative BPV types BAPV9 and BAPV4, and two unreported putative papillomavirus (PV) types, named BPV/BR-UEL6 and BPV/BR-UEL7. In addition, mixed infections and coinfections were identified, since more than one lesion was observed on the udders of 13 cows. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BPV/BR-UEL6 is closely related to BPVs belonging to the genus Xipapillomavirus, while BPV/BR-UEL7 clustered with the previously reported strains Cervus timorensis and Pudu puda PVs, which represent a putative new PV type, and it was only distantly related to xi-, epsilon-, delta- and dyoxi-PVs. These results provide information that will assist in the understanding of the association of BPVs 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as well as putative BPV types BAPV4 and BAPV9, with mammary papillomatosis. This is the first characterization of putative novel PV types BPV/BR-UEL6 and BPV/BR-UEL7 in teat warts of dairy cows, highlighting the high genetic diversity of BPVs associated with teat papillomatosis.

Papillomaviruses in ruminants: An update

“…The majority of BPV type‐specific prevalence data are from Japan and Brazil. Brazil is one of the largest beef and milk producer in the world, and 21 of 23 BPV types were detected and described here, as well as a great number of putative new types (Batista et al., ; Carvalho, Batista, Silva, Balbino, & Freitas, ; Da Silva et al., , ; Daudt, da Silva, Cibulski, et al., ; Daudt, da Silva, Streck, et al., ; Lunardi, Alfieri, et al., ; Lunardi et al., ). The BPV type‐specific distribution and their association with specific lesions in cattle are summarized in Table .…”

“…The genetic characterization by PCR using the degenerated primer pairs originally designed for HPV detection (FAP59/FAP64 or MY09/MY11), which amplifies a highly conserved region of PV L1 gene (Forslund, Antonsson, Nordin, Stenquist, & Hansson, ; Snijders et al., ), has enabled the identification and characterization of several PV types in almost all affected PV species (Antonsson & Hansson, ; Gottschling, Wibbelt, Wittstatt, Stockfleth, & Nindl, ; Munday, Dunowska, Hills, & Laurie, ; Rector et al., ), as well as in new BPV types in both dairy and beef cattle from distinct geographical regions worldwide (Lunardi, De Alcântara, et al., ; Ogawa et al., ). Also, putative and new BPV types, partially or totally sequenced by Sanger or NGS, have been published recently (Da Silva et al., ; Daudt, da Silva, Streck, et al., ; Lunardi et al., ). However, the development of NGS has enabled the discovery of new BPV types that were not amplified using FAP or MY primer pairs (Da Silva et al., ; Daudt, da Silva, Streck, et al., ).…”

“…The cutaneous lesions in cattle can display distinct morphologies and have been grossly classified into filiform, pedunculate and atypical forms, as planar shape or squamous papilloma (Da Silva et al., ; Grindatto et al., ; Lunardi et al., ). The typical pedunculate form presents verrucous aspect, known as cauliflower form.…”

“…The typical pedunculate form presents verrucous aspect, known as cauliflower form. Papillomatous lesions are found in head, neck, dorse, abdomen, udder, teat and mucosa of digestive and genital tracts (Batista et al., ; Borzacchiello & Roperto, ; Claus, Vivian, Lunardi, Alfieri, & Alfieri, ; Lunardi et al., ) (Table ). Virtually all BPVs have been detected in cutaneous lesions, even the PVs which are found in malignant lesions, as the Delta‐PVs represented by BPVs 1, 2, 13 and 14 (Table ).…”

“…The Epsilonpapillomavirus genus (BPV5 and BPV8) is linked to cutaneous papillomas (Claus et al., ; Da Silva et al., , ; Tomita et al., ), and the Dyoxipapillomavirus genus was described in healthy skin swabs and has been linked to cutaneous papillomas in teat and body (Ogawa, Tomita, Okada, & Shirasawa, ; Savini, Gallina, Alberti, Müller, & Scagliarini, ; Tozato et al., ). BPV6, BPV7, BPV8, BPV9 and BPV10 are usually linked to benign squamous papilloma (showing varying degrees of hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis, with elongated digital‐like proliferation of the squamous epithelium) and fibropapillomas (besides BPV7) (Lunardi et al., ; Tozato et al., ).…”