Genetic diversity and organic waste degrading capacity of <i>Hermetia illucens</i> from the evergreen forest of the Equatorial Choco lowland

Pazmiño, María Fernanda; Hierro, Ana G. Del; Flores, Francisco

doi:10.7717/peerj.14798

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(98 reference statements)

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“…Alternatively, deep divergence in the mtDNA and whole genome trees might reflect biogeographic events within the Americas. For example, divergence in mtDNA that occurred during the late Miocene period (∼6 mya) coincides with extreme uplift of the Andean Plateau, potentially driving reproductive barriers between South American populations (Garzione et al 2006; Ghosh et al 2006; Ståhls et al 2020; Pazmiño et al 2023). The split between mtDNA lineages- B1 and – B2 occurred more recently (∼3.2 my) which may represent colonisation of Central America after the rise of the isthmus of Panama (O’Dea et al 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Firstly, deep divergence within the Americas occurred during the late Miocene period (~6 mya) and coincided with extreme alpine uplift of the Andean Plateau, potentially driving reproductive barriers between South American populations (Garzione et al 2006;Ghosh et al 2006). Evidence of which can be seen in mtDNA patterns (Ståhls et al 2020;Pazmiño et al 2023). Secondly, a split between mtDNA lineages-B1 and -B2 occurred more recently (~3.2 my) which may represent colonisation of Central America through the bottleneck of Panama likely driven by means of allopatric speciation.…”

Section: Revealing a Putative Cryptic Species Complexmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Cryptic diversity and signatures of domestication in the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)

Generalovic,

Sandrock,

Roberts

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is the prime species in the developing global industry of insects as food and feed, but the genetic basis of its domestication has not been studied. We obtained whole genome sequences for 54 individuals from both wild and captive populations. We identified two genetic lineages at least 3 million years divergent, revealing cryptic diversity within the species complex. Our study indicates that the most common populations used for commercial and academic applications are primarily derived from just one of these divergent lineages, originating from a wild North American progenitor. Despite insect farming practices only reaching mass production scale over the past two decades, we find that captive populations show strong genome-wide signatures of domestication. Selective sweeps are found in multiple independently domesticated populations but are not seen in wild populations and suggest five major domestication loci located on chromosomes two, four and five. These regions contain development, behaviour, reproduction, metabolism and immunity genes. Populations experiencing independent domestication events, in the early stages of domestication, also show evidence of convergent genome evolution with repeated signatures of domestication in these same regions. Some limited evidence of gene flow between divergent lineages was observed, as well as evidence of hybridisation from domesticated populations into the wild. Our study reveals the genetic basis of ongoing domestication and provides a genomic platform for breeding and genetic surveillance in this novel agricultural species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Revealing a Putative Cryptic Species Complexmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cryptic diversity and signatures of domestication in the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)

Generalovic,

Sandrock,

Roberts

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Hermetia illucens is a ubiquitous insect species that can be found all over the globe, especially in Asia, Europe, and the southern United States [130,131]. Is it not considered to be a pest species due to the fact that adults do not need to feed, do not bite or sting, and have not been described as vector of any specific diseases [89,132,133].…”

Section: Black Soldier Flymentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect-Derived Chitin and Chitosan: A Still Unexploited Resource for the Edible Insect Sector

et al. 2023

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Chitin and chitosan are biopolymers that are frequently found in nature and have a broad range of applications in the food, biomedical and industrial sectors, due to their high biological activity. The primary source of chitin and chitosan is shellfish, however, shortages in the supply chain, seasonality issues in their availability, as well as ecological degradation are only a few of the problems with the main chitin resources. Due to the broad spectrum of applications for which chitin can be used, the demand for chitin and its derivatives is increasing. Therefore, the market is looking for widely available, greener alternatives to the main commercial chitin sources. Insects appear as a suitable candidate to fill this gap. During insect rearing and processing, a number of side streams are generated, e.g., exuviae of larvae and pupae, dead adults, etc. which are currently mostly discarded as waste. However, these side streams could constitute a novel and long-term supply of chitin for industrial applications. Recent research has demonstrated the suitability of several edible insect species for the production of chitin and chitosan, wherein the exoskeleton of the black soldier fly and field cricket are rich in chitin, making them a good source for chitin and chitosan extraction and purification among other farmed insect candidates. Moreover, several potential uses have been identified for insect-derived chitin and chitosan. Thus, this review aims to present recent advances in the production of chitin and chitosan from edible insects, specifically on their extraction and purification, as well as on their applications for agriculture, food and nutrition, biomedicine and bioplastic production.

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“…This variation depends on biotic factors such as diet and life stage, and abiotic factors like rearing conditions. Genetic factors likely contribute to the variation in the nutritional composition of BSF larvae as well (Kaya et al, 2021;Park et al, 2017;Pazmiño et al, 2023). Genetic variation is essential for generating a response to selection through selective breeding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A bio-economic model for estimating economic values of important production traits in the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)

Zaalberg,

Nielsen,

Noer

et al. 2024

J. Insects Food Feed

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Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are exceptionally efficient at converting otherwise unusable waste products, while having a minimal impact on the environment. To optimise the production of BSF larvae, selective breeding could be used. With selective breeding, the best individuals to breed the next generation are selected, for example, with a breeding goal. This study aimed to make the first step towards defining such a breeding goal, by estimating the economic values (EV) of traits that are important for the production of BSF larvae. EV were estimated for larval mass on day 15, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, growth rate, dry mass-, protein- and fat content, development time, eggs per fly, egg hatching rate, and larval mortality. A bio-economic model was used to estimate the profit of a BSF production system that produces 1000 kg of wet larvae at harvesting. The EV of a trait was estimated as the increase in profit when the trait value was increased by 10%, whilst the other traits remained unchanged. EV were expressed per 10% increase, and changes in revenues and costs were specified. The results showed traits with the highest EV were related to composition (dry mass-, and protein-content) and growth (larval mass, development time, growth rate). Traits related to reproduction and flies (development from pupa to fly, number of eggs) had the lowest EV. Due to the lack of information on genetic parameters, the EV are expressed per +10% of the mean value of a trait. In the future, when more information is available, the EV should be expressed per genetic standard deviation. In conclusion, this is the first study that estimated EV for an insect species. The results are a first step towards developing a more sophisticated breeding program for optimizing BSF production.

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Genetic diversity and organic waste degrading capacity of Hermetia illucens from the evergreen forest of the Equatorial Choco lowland

Cited by 5 publications

References 59 publications

Cryptic diversity and signatures of domestication in the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)

Cryptic diversity and signatures of domestication in the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens)

Insect-Derived Chitin and Chitosan: A Still Unexploited Resource for the Edible Insect Sector

A bio-economic model for estimating economic values of important production traits in the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)

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