Genetic Diversity and Multiple Infections of Plasmodium Vivax Malaria in Western Thailand

Cui, Liwang; Mascorro, C. N.; Fan, Qi; Rzomp, Kimberly A.; Khuntirat, Benjawan; Zhou, Guofa; Chen, Hong; Yan, Guiyun; Sattabongkot, Jetsumon

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.613

Cited by 126 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Moreover, Gonzalez et al (14) found both types in localities from Colombia, South America. Cui et al (36) also found both types in samples from a single locality, Mae Sod in Thailand.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Plasmodium vivax : Recent world expansion and genetic identity to Plasmodium simium

Lim

Tazi

Ayala

2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Plasmodium vivax causes the most geographically widespread human malaria, accounting annually for 70 -80 million clinical cases throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world's continents. We have analyzed the DNA sequences of the Csp (circumsporozoite protein) gene in 24 geographically representative strains of P. vivax and 2 of P. simium, which parasitizes several species of New World monkeys. The Csp sequences are of two types, VK210 and VK247, which differ by three diagnostic amino acid replacements, one in each of the 5 and 3 terminal regions [5 nonrepeat (NR) and 3 NR] of the gene and in an insertion sequence that precedes the 3 NR region. The central region of the gene consists of Ϸ38 repetitive ''motifs,'' which are alternatively four and five amino acids long, which also are diagnostically different between the VK210 and VK247 types. There are very few synonymous substitutions within and between the two types of strains, which we hypothesize reflects that the worldwide spread of P. vivax is very recent. The two P. simium Csp sequences belong one to each of the two VK types and are genetically indistinguishable from the corresponding P. vivax strains, suggesting that at least two host transfers have occurred between humans and New World monkeys. We exclude as unlikely the possibility that the two types of sequences could have independently arisen in humans and platyrrhines by natural selection. There are reasons favoring each of the two possible directions of host transfer between humans and monkeys.circumsporozoite protein ͉ clonal theory ͉ Plasmodium population structure ͉ host-parasite interactions ͉ malaria M alaria's human toll is appalling: 300-500 million clinical cases and 1-3 million deaths per year. Plasmodium falciparum accounts for 80% of human malaria's morbidity and mortality, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Most geographically widespread and prevalent in some regions is Plasmodium vivax, which accounts annually for 70-80 million clinical cases across much of the tropics and subtropics of the world.The evolutionary origin of P. vivax has been placed by some authors in Southeast Asia (1-3). However, the high prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa of Duffy negativity (absence of the Duffy blood group antigen) that protects against P. vivax infection has been interpreted as evidence of the African origin of P. vivax (4-6). Most recently, phylogenetic and biogeographical evidence has been advanced supporting a Southeast Asia origin (7-9).Recent investigations have shown a scarcity of selectively neutral genetic polymorphisms in P. vivax (8,10,11), which is consistent with a recent world expansion of P. vivax as a human parasite. The discovery that the platyrrhine parasite P. simium is genetically indistinguishable from P. vivax (2,7,8) manifests that a host transfer between humans and New World monkeys has happened in very recent evolutionary times.The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) has been extensively studied in P. falciparum and other Plasmodium species because of its immune significan...

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“…Moreover, Gonzalez et al (14) found both types in localities from Colombia, South America. Cui et al (36) also found both types in samples from a single locality, Mae Sod in Thailand.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Plasmodium vivax : Recent world expansion and genetic identity to Plasmodium simium

Lim

Tazi

Ayala

2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…As a rule, multilocus analysis, such as microsatellite typing, detects more multiple-clone infections than single-locus analysis, and augmenting the number of markers increases the chance of detecting multiple clones. For example, in 90 P. vivax isolates from Thailand, Cui et al (2003b) found a multiple-clone infection rate of 25.6% using the PvCSP encoding gene alone, 19.3% using PvMSP-3α alone and 35.6% when the markers were combined. Particularly surprising is the extensive clonal diversity of P. vivax infections in areas with relatively low malaria transmission, such as Brazil, Colombia and Sri Lanka (Ferreira et al 2007, Imwong et al 2007b, Karunaweera et al 2008, Orjuela-Sánchez et al 2009a, Gunawardena et al 2010.…”

Section: Neutral or Nearly Neutral Molecular Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gene coding for the MSP-3α (PvMSP-3α) is highly polymorphic and its variability has been assessed by restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR analysis (Bruce et al 1999). The suitability of PvMSP-3α as a molecular marker has been confirmed in several geographic parasite populations: Papua New Guinea (Bruce et al 1999), Thailand (Cui et al 2003b, Mascorro et al 2005, Pakistan and Iran (Zakeri et al 2006, Khatoon et al 2010, Venezuela (Ord et al 2005), Peru (Sutton et al 2009), Colombia (Cristiano et al 2008), India (Prajapati et al 2010) and French Guiana (Veron et al 2009). However, classifying restriction fragments according to size after electrophoresis is relatively subjective, which hampers large-scale analyses and reduces comparisons between studies.…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular markers and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax

Brito

Ferreira

2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Enhanced understanding of the transmission dynamics and population genetics for Key words: malaria -Plasmodium vivax -genetic markers -genetic diversity -multiple-clone infections -microsatellitesMarkers and genetic diversity of P. vivax • Cristiana Ferreira Alves de Brito, Marcelo Urbano Ferreira 13 tual heterozygosity (H E ) values. Virtual H E is the average probability that a pair of alleles randomly obtained from the population is different. Whenever appropriate, in this review we provide H E estimates obtained using different markers for different populations.Molecular markers under selection -Until recently, most genetic markers available for characterising natural P. vivax populations were orthologues of previously identified P. falciparum antigen-coding genes. The wellcharacterised polymorphic regions in these genes have been extensively used to analyse genetic diversity patterns in P. falciparum (Roy et al. 2008). A similar approach has been explored in vivax-oriented studies (Cui et al. 2003a). The following single-copy genes in P. vivax have often been used in these studies: gam1, coding for the gametocyte antigen 1, csp, coding for the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), msp1 and msp3alpha, coding for the merozoite surface proteins (MSP)-1 and 3α, respectively, ama1, coding for the apical membrane antigen 1, and dbp, coding for the Duffy binding protein (DBP) ( Table I).A notable feature of several P. vivax surface antigens (including major vaccine-candidate molecules) is tandem arrays of relatively short amino acid motifs. The CSP in P. vivax (PvCSP), an abundant antigen on the surface of sporozoites that has been extensively used as a vaccine development target, has immunodominant B-cell epitopes that map to central repeats between nonrepetitive sequences (Nardin & Zavala 1998). PvCSP displays two major types of nonapeptide repeats [most commonly GDRA(D/A)GQPA and ANGA(G/D)(N/D)QPG], which define the variants known as VK210 and VK247, respectively (Arnot et al. 1985, Rosenberg et al. 1989 (Fig. 1). Both VK210 and VK247 variants are globally distributed, but geographic biases have been described (Cochrane et al. 1990, Qari et al. 1993a. Similar repetitive sequences are found in Brazil, Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea (Qari et al. 1991(Qari et al. , 1992. However, markedly divergent sequence variants were found in isolates from China and North Korea (Mann et al. 1994). Although VK210 and VK247-type sequences often occur in sympatric parasite populations, there are no examples of a hybrid repeat array with both repeat types (Lim et al. 2005).A third type of repeat unit [APGANQ(E/G)GAA], identical to that described for Plasmodium simiovale, characterises the so-called P. vivax-like parasites (Qari et al. 1993a). Although P. vivax-like CSP repeats have been found in parasite isolates across the world, its global distribution remains unconfirmed (Gopinath et al. 1994). In Brazil, P. vivax-like parasites have been identified only in mixed-clone infections with VK210-type or VK247-type parasites (Machado...

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“…A number of genetic markers have been assessed for their ability to discriminate between infecting strains of P. vivax. 19 Such markers include genes encoding vaccine candidate proteins subject to immune selection such as circumsporozoite protein (PvCSP), merozoite surface protein-1 (PvMSP-1), 20 apical membrane protein-1 (PvAMA-1), 20 and merozoite surface protein-3α (PvMSP-3α), 21 and putatively neutral markers such as recently described tandem repeat (TR) polymorphism markers 22 and microsatellites. 23 Several genes encoding proteins subject to immune selection-PvMSP-1, PvMSP-3α, and PvCSP-have been suggested as markers that efficiently discriminate between infecting clones of P. vivax in Papua New Guinea, Thailand, and India using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment polymorphism analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Degree of Plasmodium vivax Diversity in the Peruvian Amazon Demonstrated by Tandem Repeat Polymorphism Analysis

Kosek¹,

Yori²,

Gilman³

et al. 2012

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Molecular tools to distinguish strains of Plasmodium vivax are important for studying the epidemiology of malaria transmission. Two sets of markers-tandem repeat (TR) polymorphisms and MSP3α-were used to study Plasmodium vivax in patients in the Peruvian Amazon region of Iquitos. Of 110 patients, 90 distinct haplotypes were distinguished using 9 TR markers. An MSP3α polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using HhaI and AluI revealed 8 and 9 profiles, respectively, and 36 profiles when analyzed in combination. Combining TR and PCR-RFLP markers, 101 distinct molecular profiles were distinguished among these 110 patients. Nine TR markers arrayed along a 100 kB stretch of a P. vivax chromosome containing the gene for circumsporozoite protein showed non-linear linkage disequilibrium (I SA = 0.03, P = 0.001). These findings demonstrate the potential use of TR markers for molecular epidemiology studies.

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Genetic Diversity and Multiple Infections of Plasmodium Vivax Malaria in Western Thailand

Cited by 126 publications

References 34 publications

Plasmodium vivax : Recent world expansion and genetic identity to Plasmodium simium

Plasmodium vivax : Recent world expansion and genetic identity to Plasmodium simium

Molecular markers and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax

High Degree of Plasmodium vivax Diversity in the Peruvian Amazon Demonstrated by Tandem Repeat Polymorphism Analysis

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