Genetic diversity and inferred dispersal history of the Schlegel’s Japanese Gecko ( Gekko japonicus ) in Northeast Asia based on population genetic analyses and paleo-species distribution modelling

Phylogeography and ecological niche modeling reveal evolutionary history of Leiolepis ocellata (Squamata, Leiolepidae)

“…However, the presence of dominant haplogroup, instead of genetic admixture, in some localities (e.g., MN) may be a result of random effects such as genetic drift (Frankham, 1995). The hypothesis of recent dispersal after riverine divergence is also supported by relatively small genetic differentiation among localities, except for KY, MC, and DK that diverged earlier (Kim et al., 2020).…”

“…Other environmental factors especially climatic conditions are also important in influencing the dispersal ability of animals, shaping their geographic distributions, and contemporary population structures (Orsini et al., 2013; Pyron & Burbrink, 2010). Incorporating genetic data and species distribution modeling based on paleoclimatic information provides important insights into the historical dispersal patterns of species (Canestrelli et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2020; Moore, 1995; Ujvari et al., 2008; Werneck et al., 2012). The paleoclimatic events during the Pleistocene (2.5 mya–11.7 ka) are interesting since the multiple oscillations of climate, as glacial and interglacial periods, established repeated contraction and expansion of suitable habitat and species distribution range, contributing genetic divergence, and genetic admixture due to a subsequent secondary contact (Canestrelli et al., 2007; Ding et al., 2011; Graham et al., 2013; Grismer et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2013; Lanier & Olson, 2013; Lin et al., 2010; Nicolas et al., 2018).…”

Past, present, and future predictions on the suitable habitat of the Slender racer (Orientocoluber spinalis) using species distribution models

“…(3) The mid‐Holocene period, about 6000 years ago, when air temperature and the sea level were similar to the present (Gagan et al, 1998 ). SDMs based on these historical climatic predictions have been conducted in various animal groups, including G. japonicus (Kim, Park, Fong, et al, 2020 ), Pelobates cultripes (Gutiérrez‐Rodríguez et al, 2017 ), and Lepus granatensis (Acevedo et al, 2012 ).…”

“…Species distribution models (SDMs) are used to determine species distribution and can often predict habitat shifts following climate change (Broennimann et al, 2007 ). Reptile SDMs can also be effectively applied to identify unknown reptile populations in a particular region (Franklin et al, 2009 ; Guisan & Hofer, 2003 ; Raxworthy et al, 2003 ), such as done with Uma inornata (Barrows et al, 2010 ), Lacerta lepida , Iberolacerta monticola , Hemidactylus turcicus (Ceia‐Hasse et al, 2014 ), Calodactylodes aureus (Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu, 2016 ), and Gekko japonicus (Kim, Park, Bae, et al, 2020 ; Kim, Park, Fong, et al, 2020 ). SDMs for past timelines can also provide ecological and evolutionary information on the historical shifts of species distribution over time (Acevedo et al, 2012 ; Elith & Leathwick, 2009 ; Franklin, 2010 ; Teixeira & Arntzen, 2002 ).…”

“…SDMs for past timelines can also provide ecological and evolutionary information on the historical shifts of species distribution over time (Acevedo et al, 2012 ; Elith & Leathwick, 2009 ; Franklin, 2010 ; Teixeira & Arntzen, 2002 ). Specifically, past models can be used to predict historical hot spots and potential migration routes (Carnaval & Moritz, 2008 ; Nogués‐Bravo, 2009 ; Ruegg et al, 2006 ) and to explain phylogeographic patterns and speciation processes (Kim, Park, Fong, et al, 2020 ; Nogués‐Bravo, 2009 ; Waltari & Guralnick, 2009 ). In addition, research on the adaptation of species to past climate change provides a significant perspective on how species will react to climate change in the future (Pearson, 2006 ).…”