Genetic Diversity and Epidemiology of Genogroup II Noroviruses in Children with Acute Sporadic Gastroenteritis in Shanghai, China, 2012-2017

Lu, Lijuan; Zhong, Huaqing; Xu, Menghua; Su, Liyun; Cao, Lingfeng; Jia, Ran; Xu, Jin

doi:10.21203/rs.2.9681/v2

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Up to now, noroviruses are phylogenetically classified into 10 genogroups (GI-GX) and, among them, at least five genogroups (GI, GII, GIV, GVIII and GIX) could infect humans. [5] GII.3 is a common cause for sporadic infection in infants and children as the second major genotype after GII.4 in China [6,7]. To date, more reports focus on norovirus genotypes, such as GII.2[P16], GII.4, and GII.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the GII.3[P12] Norovirus from 2010 to 2019 in Jiangsu, China

Bao

et al. 2021

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Objectives: Norovirus genotype GII.3[P12] strains have been an important pathogen for sporadic gastroenteritis infection. In previous studies of GII.3[P12], the number of specimens and time span are relatively small, which is difficult to truly reflect the infection and evolution of this type of norovirus. Here we report a molecular epidemiological study of the NoVs prevalent in Jiangsu between 2010 and 2019 to investigate the evolution of the GII.3[P12] strains in China. Methods: In this study 60 GII.3[P12] norovirus strains were sequenced and analyzed for evolution, recombination, and selection pressure using bioanalysis software. Results: The GII.3[P12] strains were continuously detected during the study period, which showed a high constituent ratio in males, among children aged 0–11 months and winter. A time-scaled evolutionary tree showed that both GII.P12 RdRp and GII.3 VP1 sequences were grouped into three major clusters (Cluster I-III). Most GII.3[P12] strains were mainly located in sub-cluster (SC) II of Cluster III. A SimPlot analysis identified GII.3[P12] strain to be as an ORF1-intragenic recombinant of GII.4[P12] and GII.3[P21]. The RdRp genes of the GII.3[P12] showed a higher mean substitution rate than those of all GII.P12, while the VP1 genes of the GII.3[P12] showed a lower mean substitution rate than those of all GII.3. Alignment of the GII.3 capsid sequences revealed that three HBGA binding sites of all known GII.3 strains remained conserved, while several amino acid mutations in the predicted antibody binding sites were detected. The mutation at 385 was within predicted antibody binding regions, close to host attachment factor binding sites. Positive and negative selection sites were estimated. Two common positively selected sites (sites 385 and 406) were located on the surface of the protruding domain. Moreover, an amino acid substitution (aa204) was estimated to be near the active site of the RdRp protein. These results suggested that evolution of the GII.3[P12] noroviruses was possibly driven by intergenic recombination and mutations in some key amino acid sites. Conclusions: The GII.3[P12] recombinant strain was dominant for the GII.P12 and GII.3 noroviruses in China, which is therefore a major concern for causing gastrointestinal infection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the GII.3[P12] Norovirus from 2010 to 2019 in Jiangsu, China

Bao

et al. 2021

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“…In Shanghai, the majority of studies focused on the molecular and epidemiological of rotavirus and norovirus, fewer studies were conducted for the molecular epidemiology of HAdV and classic HAstV in outpatient [14,[27][28][29]. Therefore, this study investigated the detection rate, viral co-infection, seasonal distribution, age distribution and genetic diversity of HAdV and classic HAstV infections in children with acute diarrhea in Shanghai during 2017 and 2018.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and Epidemiological of Human Adenovirus and Classic Human Astrovirus in Children With Acute Diarrhea in Shanghai, 2017-2018

Zhong

et al. 2020

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Background: In addition to rotavirus and norovirus, human adenovirus (HAdV) and classic human astrovirus (classic HAstV) have been identified as important pathogens of acute diarrhea in infants and young children. Here, we presented the molecular epidemiology of HAdV and classic HAstV in children with acute diarrhea in Shanghai. Methods: Fecal specimens were collected from 804 outpatient infants and young children diagnosed as acute diarrhea in Shanghai from January 2017 to December 2018. All the samples were screened for the presence of HAdV and classic HAstV. HAdV and Classic HAstV were detected using traditional PCR and reverse-transcription PCR, respectively. All the HAdV and classic HAstV positive samples were genotyped by phylogenetic analysis. Results: Among these 804 fecal samples, 8.58% (69/804) samples were infected with at least one of HAdV or classic HAstV, and one of them was co-infected with these two viruses. The overall detection rates of HAdV and classic HAstV were 3.47% (28/804) and 5.22% (42/804), respectively. Four subgroups (A, B, C and F) of HAdV were detected and seven different genotypes (HAdV-C1, -C2, -B3, -C5, -A31, -F40 and -F41) were identified. Subgroup F had the highest constituent ratio at 64.29% (18/28) followed by non-enteric HAdV of subgroup C (21.43%, 6/28) and subgroup B 10.71% (3/28). HAdV-F41 (60.71%, 17/28) was the dominant genotype, followed by HAdV-C2 (14.29%, 4/28) and HAdV-B3 (10.71%, 3/28). Two diﬀerent genotypes of classic HAstV (HAstV-1 and HAstV-5) were identified in 42 samples during the study period. HAstV-1 (95.24%, 40/42) was the predominant genotype and the other two strains were genotyped as HAstV-5. Conclusions: Those findings indicate that HAdV and classic HAstV play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute diarrhea in children in Shanghai. Systematic and long-term surveillance of HAdV and classic HAstV are needed to monitor their prevalence in children and prevent major outbreak.

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