Genetic diversity analysis among male and female Jojoba genotypes employing gene targeted molecular markers, start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism and CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP) markers

Abstract

To detect genetic variations among different Simmondsia chinensis genotypes, two gene targeted markers, start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism and CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP) were employed in terms of their informativeness and efficiency in analyzing genetic relationships among different genotypes. A total of 15 SCoT and 17 CBDP primers detected genetic polymorphism among 39 Jojoba genotypes (22 females and 17 males). Comparatively, CBDP markers proved to be more effective than SCoT markers in terms of percentage polymorphism as the former detecting an average of 53.4% and the latter as 49.4%. The Polymorphic information content (PIC) value and marker index (MI) of CBPD were 0.43 and 1.10, respectively which were higher than those of SCoT where the respective values of PIC and MI were 0.38 and 1.09. While comparing male and female genotype populations, the former showed higher variation in respect of polymorphic percentage and PIC, MI and Rp values over female populations. Nei's diversity (h) and Shannon index (I) were calculated for each genotype and found that the genotype “MS F” (in both markers) was highly diverse and genotypes “Q104 F” (SCoT) and “82–18 F” (CBDP) were least diverse among the female genotype populations. Among male genotypes, “32 M” (CBDP) and “MS M” (SCoT) revealed highest h and I values while “58-5 M” (both markers) was the least diverse. Jaccard's similarity co-efficient of SCoT markers ranged from 0.733 to 0.922 in female genotypes and 0.941 to 0.746 in male genotype population. Likewise, CBDP data analysis also revealed similarity ranging from 0.751 to 0.958 within female genotypes and 0.754 to 0.976 within male genotype populations thereby, indicating genetically diverse Jojoba population. Employing the NTSYS (Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system) Version 2.1 software, both the markers generated dendrograms which revealed that all the Jojoba genotypes were clustered into two major groups, one group consisting of all female genotypes and another group comprising of all male genotypes. During the present investigation, CBDP markers proved more informative in studying genetic diversity among Jojoba. Such genetically diverse genotypes would thus be of great significance for breeding, management and conservation of elite (high yielding) Jojoba germplasm.

Assessment of genetic diversity inTriticum urartuThumanjan ex Gandilyan accessions using start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) and CAAT-box derived polymorphism (CBDP) markers

“…In contrast, the average Rp value of the CBDP markers was more than that of the SCoT markers, which indicated the high ability of the CBDP markers to reflect the genetic diversity in T. urartu. These results are in agreement with Heikrujam et al [36], Tiwari et al [9], Etminan et al [16,17,37] and Qaderi et al [19], who reported that SCoT and CBDP markers were more useful for dissecting genetic diversity and structure than other molecular marker techniques.…”

Geographical diversity pattern in Iranian landrace durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) accessions using start codon targeted polymorphism and conserved DNA-derived polymorphism markers

“…The SCoT primers are based on conserved regions flanking the initiation codon sequences of genes and CDDPs are short primers to generate useful genetic markers across functional domains of well-characterised plant genes (Collard, Mackill 2009a;Collard, Mackill 2009b). These marker techniques has been successfully employed in genetic diversity analysis of several plants, such as chickpea (Pakseresht et al 2013), wheat (Hamidi et al 2014), ramie (Satya et al 2015) and jojoba (Heikrujam et al 2015). The aim of the present study was to investigate the gentic diversity in Iranian landrace durum wheat accessions and examine the relationships of geographical sources of these accessions with their genetic diversity pattern.…”

A review on plant importance, biotechnological aspects, and cultivation challenges of jojoba plant

“…When raised through seeds, about 50% or more of the seedlings are males [ 53 ]. The sex can be recognized only when the plants start bearing after 3–4 years of planting, while for an efficient commercial yield, no more than a 10% male population is required [ 54 ]. The success of jojoba growers, and indeed of the entire jojoba industry, depends upon the selection of high-yielding genotypes and their multiplication through vegetative means.…”

“…The present cultivations of this plant are mainly via vegetative propagation from a limited number of selected landraces which are consequently used in the cultivation of many more varieties. The large-scale cultivation of such genetically constant cultivars has resulted in a progressively less genetic bias for the crops, leading to genetic vulnerability [ 54 ]. For more maintainable and valuable production of jojoba, understanding the extent and association of genetic variations and their relationships is essential.…”